2011Bibliography Part V Miscellaneous Evidence - Mercyhurst ...

PART V: 

MISCELLANEOUS EVIDENCE 

A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation 

with Emphases in 

Forensic Geotaphonomic and Forensic Archaeological 

Field Techniques 

This part of the pdf file contains the following sections and sub-sections: 

Fingerprint, Footprint, Ear Print, Lip Print, and Tattoo Evidence or 

Other Body Modification Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 

Blood and Body Fluids Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 

Blood Stain Identification and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 

Other Blood and Body Fluids Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 

DNA Evidence . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 

Stable Isotope Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 

Firearms, Projectile, and Tool Mark Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154 

Firearms and Ballistics Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155 

General Tool Mark Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212 

784

Miscellaneous Trace Evidence . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227 

Fecal and Coprolite Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228 

Hair and Feather Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233 

Fiber and Textile Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261 

Other Trace Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1280 

Shoe, Foot, and Tire Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305 

Fingerprint, Footprint, Ear Print, Lip Print and Tattoo or Other Body Modification Evidence 

The relationship between fingerprint examinations and archaeology may not seem immediately apparent. 

References such as Arp (2002), Ryder (1963), or Schmidt, et al. (1996) however, reveal the connection between fingerprints 

and the archaeological record. They also demonstrate the resilience of an otherwise fragile type of trace evidence. On more 

recent forensic archaeological sites, the importance and application of fingerprint technology should not be overlooked. 

Taphonomically, developments in the preservation and development of victim's fingerprints from tissue modified by 

mummification or submersion are continuous. Likewise, a suspect's fingerprints on the skin of a victim's body, is a topic 

discussed in several of the references listed below. 

The ability to develop fingerprints on handled, or discarded, items around a crime scene is, dependent on 

understanding the environmental and chemical conditions which may have affected those prints. Once those conditions and 

the substrate are understood, the examiner can determine the appropriate techniques, and sequence of techniques, which can 

be used. The proper collection of fingerprint evidence also requires familiarity with other forensic examinations which may 

be conducted on the item. For example, the impact of fingerprint development methods on the integrity of DNA evidence is 

addressed in citations such as Andersen and Bramble (1997), Azoury, et al. (2002), or Schuetts-Henderson (1983) . In this 

respect, the reader is best served to search for references in both this section and those on DNA Evidence, and Blood and 

Body Fluids Evidence. 

This section also includes those citations which address other latent types of print evidence which might be 

found on a body or associated artifacts. Although less common, there have been instances where lip prints or ear prints have 

linked suspects to a crime scene. As an example of how even these types of rare latent evidence can be cross-referenced to 

785

other categories in this bibliography, consider forensic research accomplished on the composition of lipstick (Rodger, et al. 

[1998] or Segui, et al. [2000] in Trace and Impression Evidence). Tattoos, and other body modifications, not only serve as 

means of identifying victims' remains, but also can indicate cultural or ritual affiliations. 

(2133 citations) 

Abbas, A. 

2003 The Role of the Human Ear in the Process of Forensic Identification. BMedSci Thesis, University of Leicester, 

Abbas, Ali, and Guy N. Rutty 

2003 The Possible Role of Ear Piercings in Forensic Identification. Journal Pathology, 201(suppl):44A 

2005 Ear Piercing Affects Earprints: The Role of Ear Piercing in Human Identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(2):386-392. 

Abalos, A. 

1989 Regenerating Finger Pads on Burnt, Putrefied, or Mummified Corpses. International Criminal Police Review, 44: 16-19. 

Abele, V. 

1983 A New Fingerprint Method Meets Court Challenge. Identification News, 33(2):12-15. 

Acree, Mark A. 

1998a What is Science? The Dilemman of Fingerprint Science Revisited. The Print, 14(4):4-5 

www.scafo.org/library/140404.html 

1998b People v. Jennings: A Significant Case in American Fingerprint History. The Print, 14(4):1-2 


Adach E., and W. Knapp 

2001 Lifting Two-Dimensional Footwear and Fingerprint Impressions Using Dental Stone. RCMP Gazette, 63(2):17-19. 

Adams, Arthur T. 

1933 Adams on Fingerprinting. Remington Rand, New York, NY. 

Adatto, M.A. 

2004 Laser Tattoo Removal: Benefits and Caveats. Medical Laser Application, 19:175-185. 

Adcock, J.M. 

1977 The Development of Latent Fingerprints on Human Skin: The Iodine-Silver Plate Transfer Method. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 22(3):599-605. 

Adderley, R., and J.W. Bond 

2008 The Effects of Deprivation on the Time Spent Examining Crime Scenes and the Recovery of DNA and Fingerprints. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 53(1):178-192. 

Agdal, N. 

1977 Fingerprints on a Dead Body: A New Approach. Forensic Science, 9(2):105-107. 

Aggelopoulos, Katrina 

1994 Handiprint in Post Mortem Fingerprinting. The Print, 11(2):9 


Aguzzi, A. 

2002 Le Potentiel des Traces Digitales pour Lier les Cas. Technical Report, Institut de Police Scientifique et de Criminologie. Universite de Lausanne, 

Lausanne, Switzerland. 

Ahouse, Jeremy John 

1987 Fingerprinting: Teacher's Guide. Great Explorations in Math and Science Series, Lawrence Hall of Science, University of California, Berkeley, 

CA. 

Akiba, Norimitsu, Naoki Saitoh, and Kenro Kuroki 

2007 Fluorescence Spectra and Images of Latent Fingerprints Excited with a Tunable Laser in the Ultraviolet Region. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

52(5):1103-1106. 

Alaoui, I.M., and E.R. Menzel 

2000 Substituent Effects on Luminescence Enhancement in Europium and Terbium Ruhemann's Purple Complexes. Forensic Sciences International, 

77:3 

Alberink, Ivo B., and Arnout C.C.Ruifrok 

2005 Inter-Operator Test for the Clicking of Polylines in Earprints. Internal FearID Report, Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague. 

2007 Performance of the FearID Earprint Identification System. Forensic Science International, 166(2-3):145-154. 

2008 Repeatability and Reproducibility of Earprint Acquisition. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(2):325-330. 

786

Alberink, Ivo B., Arnout C.C. Ruifrok, and Hartmut Kieckhoefer 

2006 Interoperator Test for Anatomical Annotation of Earprints. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(6):1246-1254. 

Alessandrini, F., M. Cecate, M. Pesaresi, C. Turchi, F. Carle, and A. Tabliabracci 

1999 Fingerprints as Evidence for a Genetic Profile: Morphological Study on Fingerprints and Analysis of Exogenous and Individual Factors Affecting DNA 

Typing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(3):586-592, (also cited as pages 1-7.) 

Alexander, Harold L.V. 

1973 Classifying Palmprints. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, Ilinois 

Alexander, M., and L.L. Laubach 

1968 Anthropometry of the Human Ear. United States Air Force Aerospace Medical Research, Ohio. 

Allen, Sharon 

1994 Separating Fingerprint Fact from Fiction. The Print, 10(3):5-6 


2007 Crime Scene Myths. Law and Order Magazine, 55(4):90-94. 

Allison, Harrison C. 

1973 Personal Identification. Holbrook Press, 

Allison, John, Michael Fasola, and Patrick Czekanski\ 

Cyanoacrylate Fuming of Latent Fingerprints – Chemical Studies and Their Forensic Implications. A Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the 

American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20-25, Seattle, Washington. 

Allman, D.S., S.J. Maggs, and C.A. Pounds 

1992 The Use of Colloidal Gold/Multi-Metal Deposition for the Detection of Latent Fingerprints: A Preliminary Evaluation, Technical Number 747. 

Central Research and Support Establishment, Home Office Forensic Science Service, United Kingdom. 

Allman, David S., and C.A. Pounds 

1991a Detection of Fingerprints on Skin. Forensic Science Review, 3(2):83-89. 

1991b Diaminobenzidine: A Simple Safe and Sensitive Method for the Enhancement of Blood Marks at the Scene of Crime and in the Laboratory. 

CRSE Report 733, Central Research and Support Establishment, UK. 

1992 Sequence of Reagents to be Used to Develop Fingerprints at a Scene of Crime. Technical CRSE Number 747, Central Research and Support 

Establishment, Home Office Forensic Science Service, Aldermaston, UK. 

Allred, C.E., T. Lin, and E.R. Menzel 

1997 Lipid-Specific Latent Fingerprint Detection: Fingerprints on Currency. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(6):997-1003. 

Allred, Clay E., and E.Roland Menzel 

1997 A Novel Europium-Bioconjugate Method for Latent Fingerprint Detection. Forensic Science International, 85(2):83-94. 

Allred, C.E., R.H. Murdock, and E.R. Menzel 

1997 New Lipid-Specific, Rare Earth-Based Chemical Fingerprint Detection Methods. Journal of Forensic Identification, 47(5):542-556. 

Almog, Joseph 

1982a Scope and Limitations of the Use of Alloxan as a Potential Fingerprint Reagent. Israel Police R&D Report DM/2037, October 

1982b Research and Development of New Fluorescors for Forensic Purposes. A Presentation before the 67th Annual Conference of the International 

Association of Identification, Rochester, New York, July. 

1987 Reagents for Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints: Vicinal Triketones – Their Reaction with Amino Acids and with Latent Fingerprints 

on Paper. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(6):1565-1573. 

1991 Fingerprint Development by Ninhydrin and Its Analogues. In H.C. Lee and R.E. Gaensslen, editors, Advances in Fingerprint Technology, 

Elsevier, New York, NY., pp.103-133 

2001 Fingerprint Development by Ninhydrin and Its Analogues. In H.C. Lee and R.E. Gaensslen, editors, Advances in Fingerprint Technology, Second 

Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., pp177-209. 

Almog, Joseph, Myriam Azoury, Yifat Elmaliah, Larisa Berenstein, and Arie Zaban 

2004 Fingerprints' Third Dimension: The Depth and Shape of Fingerprints Penetration into Paper – Cross Section Examination by Fluorescence 

Micrscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(5):981-985. 

Almog, J., Y. Cohen, M. Azoury, and T.R. Hahn 

2004 Genipin, A Novel Fingerprint Reagent with Coloimetric and Fluorogenic Activity. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(2):255-257. 

Almog, Joseph, Yaron Cohen, Genia Levinton-Shamuilov, and Myriam Azoury 

2006 Fingerprint Reagents with Dual Action: Color and Fluorescence. A Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of 

Forensic Sciences, February 20-25, Seattle, Washington. 

Almog, Joseph, and Amiram Gabay 

787

1980 Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints, III: Visualization of Latent Fingerprints by Fluorescent Reagents in Vapor Phase. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25(2):408-410. 

1986 A Modified Super Glue Technique – The Use of Polycanoacrylate for Fingerprint Development. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(1):250-253. 

Almog, Joseph, and Hagai Glasner 

2010 Ninhydrin Thiohemiketals: basic Research Towards Improved Fingermark Detection Techniques Employing Nano-Technology. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 55(1):215-220. 

Almog, J., and A. Hirshfeld 

1987 5-Methoxyninhydrin: A Fingerprint Developer Compatible with the Copper-Vapor Laser. A Presentation at the International Forensic 

Symposium on Latent Fingerprints, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, July 

1988 5-Methoxyninhydrin: A Reagent for the Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints that is Compatible with the Copper-Vapor Laser. Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, 33(4):1027-1030. 

Almog, J., A. Hirshfeld, A. Frank, (also cited as Franck), H. Grant, Z. Harel, and Y. Ittah 

1992 5-Methylthio Ninhydrin and Related Compounds: A Novel Class of Fluorogenic Fingerprint Reagents. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37(3):688- 

694. 

Almog, J., A. Hirshfeld, A. Frank, J. Sterling, and D. Leonov 

1991 Aminoninhydrins: Fingerprint Reagents with Direct Fluorogenic Activity: Preliminary Studies. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(1):104-110. 

Almog, J., A. Hirschfeld, and J.T. Klug 

1982 Reagents for the Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints: Synthesis and Properties of Some Ninhydrin Analogues. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 27(4):912-917. 

Almog, J., A. Hirshfeld, J. Sterling, and D. Leonov 

1991 Aminoninhydrins: Fingerprint Reagents with Direct Fluorogenic Activity – Preliminary Studies. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36:101-110. 

Almog, Joseph, Asne Klein, Inbal Davidi, Yaron Cohen, Myriam Azoury, and Michal Levin-Elad 

2008 Dual Fingerprint Reagents with Enhanced Sensitivity: 5-Methoxy- and 5-Methylthioninhydrin. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(2):364-368. 

Almog, Joseph, Genyia Levinton-Shamuilov, Yaron Cohen, and Myriam Azoury 

2007 Fingerprint Reagents with Dual Action: Color and Fluorescence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(2):330-334. 

Almog, J., and H. Glasner 

2010 Ninhydrin Thiohemiketals: Basic Research Towards Improved Fingermark Detection Techniques Employing Nano-Technology. Jourmal of Forensic 

Sciences, 55(1):215-220. 

Almog, J., and A. Marmur 

1981 Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints, IV: The Charring Process. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 26(2):393-397. 

Almog, J., S. Rozen, and G. Scharf 

1981 Reaction of Napthalene-2,3-Dicarboxaldehyde with Amino Acids and with Latent Fingerprints on Paper. Israel Police R&D Report DM/2037, 

September. 

Almog, J., Y. Sasson, and A. Anah (also cited as Anati) 

1979 Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints, II. Controlled Addition of Water Vapor to Iodine Fumes – A Solution to the 

Aging Problem. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(2):431-436. 

Almog, J. V.G. Sears, E. Springer, D.F. Hewlett, S. Walker, S. Wiesner, R. Lidor, and E. Bahar 

2000 Reagents for the Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints: Scope and Limitations of benzo[f]ninhydrin in Comparison to Ninhydrin. Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, 45:538-544. 

Almog, J., E. Springer, S. Wiesner, A. Frank, O. Khodzhaev, R. Lidor, E. Bahar, H. Varkony, S. Dayan, and S. Rozen 

1999 Latent Fingerprint Visualization by 1,2-indanedione and Related Compounds: Preliminary Results. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(1):114-118. 

Almog, J., A. Zeichner, S. Shifrina, and G. Scharf 

1987 Nitro-Benzofurazanyl Ethers: A New Series of Fluorigenic Fingerprint Reagents. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(3):585-596. (also cited as pp. 

778-789) 

Alvrus, Annalisa, David Wright, and Charles F. Merbs 

2001 Examination of Tattoos on Mummified Tissue Using Infra-Red Reflectography. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28(4):395-400. 

American National Standard for Information Systems 

1986 American National Standard for Information Systems – Fingerprint Identification – Data Format for Information Interchange, American National 

Standard Institute, Gaithersburg, MD. 

2004 Information Technology – Finger Minutiae Format for Data Interchange. International Committee for Information Technology Standards, 

Washington, DC. 

Amy, L. 

1946 Valeur de la Preuve en Dactyloscopie. J. Societe Statistique Paris, 87:80-87. 

788

1947 Valeur de la Preuve en Dactyloscopie II, J Societe Statistique Paris, 88:189-195. 

1948 Recherches sur l'identification des Traces Papillaires. Annales Mediecine Legale, 28:96-101. 

Andersen, C.H.V. 

1956 Prehistoric Fingerprints. Kuml 1956, pp. 151-154. 

Andersen, J., and S. Bramble 

1997 The Effects of Fingermark Enhancement Light Sources on Subsequent PCR-STR DNA Analysis of Fresh Bloodstains. Journalof Forensic Sciences, 

42(2):303-306. 

Angerstein, W. 

1969 Über die Sicherung von Papillarlinienspuren mit Röntgenstrahlen. Forum Krim. Sonderheft, 1:63-71. 

Angst, E. 

1962 Procedes pour la Determination de l'âge d'empreintes Dactyloscopiques sur le Papier. Revue Internationale Criminologie Police Technique, 

16:134-146. 

Anonymous 

1935 How to Take Fingerprints. United States Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

1939 Classification of Fingerprints. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

1945 Finger Prints: For Identification and Crime Detection. Padell Book, New York, NY. 

1953 Prints Themselves Prove that Massengale Twins Do Not Have Identical Ridge Patterns. Fingerprint and Identification Magazine, 

1966 Footprinting of Infants. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1972 Air Disaster Recovery Operations in Remote Areas. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1973a Toe Print Identification Solves Homicide. Identification News, 23(2):6. 

1973b Report of the Standardization Committee of the International Association for Identification, August 1, 1973. Identification News, 23(8):13-14. 

1975 Lifting Latent Impressions. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1976a Police Instructors Bulletin: Development of Latent Prints on Human Skin. Law Enforcement Arts Research Unit, FBI Training Division. 

1976b Proper Procedures for Taking Major Case Prints. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1979 Fingerprint Charts Aid Court Testimony. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1980a Identifying Disaster Victims. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1980b Problems and Practices in Fingerprinting the Dead. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1980c Chemical Development of Latent Impressions. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1980d Development of Latent Impressions with Powders. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 

1987 The Science of Fingerprints, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

1994a Chemical Formulas and Processing Guide for Developing Latent Prints. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

1994b Conviction Through Enhanced Fingerprint Identification. The Print, 10(2):1-2 


1994c Fingerprints Do Not Lie. The Print, 10(5):3-4 


1995a On Lifting Latent Prints. The Print, 11(1):5 


1995b The Importance of the Lack of Fingerprints – A Challenge to the Prosecution. The Print, 11(3):4 


1995c Symposium Report – Israel National Police: International Symposium on Fingerprint Detection and Identification. Journal of Forensic 

Identification, 45(5):578-584. 

1997 The Fingerprint was Mighter than the Sword. The Print, 13(6):8 


2004 Statistics: Latent Prints that have been Recovered from Human Skin Nationally – Internationally. Evidence Technology Magazine, 2(4):10-11. 

789

2003a SWGFAST Glossary 

www.theiai.org/guidelines/swgfast/glossary_consolidated_ver_1.pdf 

2003b Los Angeles Sheriff's Cold Case Unit Uses Old Fingerprints in New Ways. Crime Control Digest, 37(6):1. 

2005 The Human Element that Supports Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems: An Exclusive Evidence Technology Magazine Interview with 

Peter D. Komarinski. Evidence Technology Magazine, 3(2):18-22. 

2006a White Powder Suspension for Adhesive Tapes. HOSDB Fingerprint and Footwear Forensic News, Publication 58(06): 6-7. 

2006b Privacy Impact Assessment for the Interim Data Sharing Model (iDSM) for the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT)/Integrated 

Automated Fingerprint Identification (IAFIS) Interoperability Project. Department of Homeland Security, Arlington, VA. 

2008a Ruling to Exclude Fingerprint Testimony Reversed by the New Hampshire Supreme Court. Evidence Technology Magazine, 6(3): 10-11. 

n.d. Development of Latent Fingermarks on Dead Bodies. 

http://www.xs4all.nl/~dacty/skin.htm (Accessed April 12, 2006) 

n.d A Ridge Too Far 

http://www.david.charlton97.btinternet.co.uk 

n.d. Chemical Development of Latent Impressions. (unpublished FBI Evidence Response Team training handout) 

n.d. ACE-V Methodology Excursion. Chesapeake Bay Divisionof the International Association for Identification. 

www.cbdiai.org/ACEV/methodology.html 

n.d. Latent Fingerprint Processing Techniques – Selections and Sequencing Guide. Chesapeake Bay Division Website. 

www.cbdiai.org/Reagents/indane.html 

n.d. Aqueous Leucogrystal Violet Technical Information (1-2736) Lightning Powder Company Incorporated. 

www.redwop.com 

n.d. Michele Tripletts Fingerprint Dictionary. 

http://www.fprints.nwlean.net 

Anthonioz, A., A. Aguzzi, A. Girod, N. Egli, and O. Ribaux 

2003 Potential Use of Fingerprint in Forensic Intelligence: Crime Scene Linking. Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych – Probl. Forensic Sci., 51:166-170. 

Anthonioz, Alexandre, Nicole Egli, Christophe Champod, Cedric Neumann, Roberto Puch-Solis, and Andie Bromage-Griffiths 

2008 Level 3 Details and Their Role in Fingerprint Identification: A Survey Among Practitioners. Journal of Forensic Identification, 58(5):562-589. 

Antoine, Kimone M., Shirin Mortazavi, Angela D. Miller, and Lisa M. Miller 

2010 Chemical Differences are Observed in Children’s Versus Adult’s Latent Fingerprints as a Function of Time. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

55(2):513-518. 

Apolinar, E., and W.F. Rowe 

1980 Examination of Human Fingernail Ridges by Means of Polarized Light. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 154-161. 

Archer, N.E., Y. Charles, J.A. Elliott, and S. Jickells 

2005 Changes in the Lipid Composition of Latent Fingerprint Residue with Time After Deposition on a Surface. Forensic Science International, 154(2- 

3):224-239. 

Argaman, Uri, Alan Chaikovsky, Alex Balman, and Nisim Mizrachi 

2007 Solving the Puzzle: Joining Separated Latent Fingerprint Parts into One Whole Print for an AFIS Search. Journal of Forensic Identification, 

57(3):370-377. 

Arima, T. 

1981 Develoment of Latent Fingerprints on Sticky Surfaces by Dye Staining or Fluorescent Brightening. Identification News, 31(2):9-10 (also cited as 

p14) 

Arndt, C.B. 

1985 Iodine Silver Plate Transfer Method. RCMP Gazette, 47(5):19-21. 

Arnold, Richard R. 

1985 Does Cyanoacrylate (Super Glue) Fuming Impair Firearms Identification? Identification News, 12 

Arnold, Richard R., Joseph R. Gallant, and Ronald P. Kaufman 

1988 Two Latent Prints Developed and Lifted from Homicide Victim Identify Perpetrator. Journal of Forensic Identification, 38(6):295-298. 

Arp, Don, Jr. 

2002 Dusting the Past: Archaeology and Ancient Fingerprints. Jorunal of Forensic Identification, 52(6):696-703. 

Arrieta, M.I. 

1992 Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors on the a-b, -c, and c-d Interdigital Ridge Counts. Hereditas, 117(2):189-194. 

790

Asano, K.G., C.K. Bayne, K. Horsman, and M.V. Buchanan 

2002 Chemical Composition of Fingerprints for Gender Determination. Journal of Forensic Science, 47(4):805-807. (also cited as 47:1-3) 

Ashbaugh, David R. 

1982a Edgeology/ Poroscopy/ Ridgeology: Our Next Evaluative Step. RCMP Gazette, 44(2):4-6 

1982b Edgeology/ Poroscopy/ Ridgeology: Our Next Evaluative Step. RCMP Gazette, 45(2):12-17 

1982c Edgeology/ Poroscopy/ Ridgeology: Our Next Evaluative Step. RCMP Gazette, 45(3):10-14 

1982d Poroscopy, Fingerprint Whorld, 19:5-12 

1982e Ridgeology – The Time is Now. Fingerprint Whorld, 8(2): 

1982f Poroscopy. Identification News 

http://www.scafo.org/library/1110601.html 

1991a Ridgeology. Journal of Forensic Identification, 41(1):16-64. 

1991b Palmar Flexion Crease Identification. Journal of Forensic Identification, 41(4):255-273. 

1991c Ridgeology: Modern Evaluative Friction Ridge Identification. Fingerprint Whorld, 17:14-16. 

1991d Ridgeology: Modern Evaluative Friction Ridge Identification. Journal of Forensic Identification, 41(1):16-64. 

1992a Incipient Ridges and the Clarity of Spectrum. Journal of Forensic Identification, 42(2):106-114. 

1992b Defined Pattern, Overall Pattern, and Unique Pattern. Journal of Forensic Identification, 42(6):503-512. 

1993 Palmar Flexion Crease Identification. Fingerprint Whorld, __:7-15. 

1994 The Premises of Friction Ridge Identification, Clarity, and the Identification Process. Journal of Forensic Identification, 44(5):499-516. 

1995 Poroscopy. The Print, 11(6):1-7. 

1999a A Science in Transition. In First International Conference on Forensic Human Identification In the Next Millenium, The Forensic Science 

Service, London, UK 

www.forensic.gov.uk 

1999b Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. (also cited as 

published in 2000) 

2007 The Need for a Governing Body to Resolve the Basic Issues of Fingerprint Identification, An Exclusive Interview. Evidence Technology 

Magazine, 5(3):24-29. 

Ashbaugh, D.R., and M.M. Houck 

2006 Fingerprints and Admissibility: Friction Ridges and Science. Fingerprint Whorld, 32(123):21-42. 

ström, Paul 

2007 The Study of Ancient Fingerprints. Journal of Ancient Fingerprints, Nr1:2-3. 

http://www.ancientfingerprints.org/society.htm 

ström, Paul, Sven A. Ericksson 

1980 Fingerprints and Archaeology. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Volume 28, ströms, Göteborg, Sweden. 

Atkins, Amanda L. 

2007 Techniques Used in Bloody Latent Print Development on Dark Surfaces. A Presentation at the 92nd International Educational Conference of the 

International Association for Identification, July 22-28, 2007, San Diego, California. 

Au, C., H. Jackson-Smith, I. Quinones, and B. Daniel 

2010 Wet Powder Suspensions as an Additional Technique for the Enhancement of B loodied Marks. Forensic Science International, 

Augibe, Frederick T., and James T. Costello 

1985 A New Method for Softening Mummified Fingers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2):726-731. 

Ayers, Kelly R. 

2008 The Development and Recovery of Identical Latent Impressions from Independent Investigations. Journal of Forensic Identification, 58(4):432- 

436. 

Azoury Myriam, Drorit Choen, Kimmp Himberg, Pia Qvintus-Leino, Terhi Saari, and Joseph Almog 

2004 Fingerprint Detection on Counterefeit US$ Banknotes: The Importance of Preliminary Paper Examination. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

49(5):1015-1017. 

Azoury, M., R. Gabay, D. Cohen, and J. Almog (also cited as Gabbay) 

2003 ESDA Processing and Latent Fingerprint Development: The Humidity Effect. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(3):564-570. 

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1986 A New Method for Softening Mummified Fingers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2): 726-731. 

Blood and Body Fluids Evidence 

Documentation of a witness’s hands during the investigation of an equivocal death. 

From an archaeological perspective, numerous resources regarding the retrieval of blood and other types of 

trace evidence from historic and prehistoric contexts are included in this category. The compiler wishes to reinforce that 

evidence exposed to the elements, or deposited years prior to discovery may retain significant information capable of 

impacting the interpretation of a crime scene. Both here and in the sections of DNA Evidence and Stable Isotope Analyses, 

several citations may be found which should demonstrate for the crime scene investigator that assumptions should never be 

made that blood and body fluid evidence is completely obliterated from older scenes. Loy and Wood, (1989), is an early 

example of how blood evidence remained viable over thousands of years. That approximately 9000 year old evidence from 

Cayonu Tepesi in Turkey was initially realized using one of the most basic presumptive test for blood in most crime scene 

technicians' tool boxes - Hemastix. Again, the section on DNA Evidence contains numerous citations expounding on work 

such as Loy and Wood. Analyses of prehistoric trace evidence is now common in archaeological and forensic literature. 

A large part of this section deals with the reconstruction of violent crime scenes based on the shape, size, 

and position of blood spatter, or blood stain, evidence. Primarily considered at indoor crime scenes, the same type of 

reconstruction could apply to outdoor scenes but becomes more difficult given the effects of weather, and substrate 

movement. Works such as those of MacDonnell, (1997); Bevel and Gardner, (2001); and James, Kish, and Sutton, (2003), 

have served to expose criminal investigators to the stories represented in patterns of what would appear to most of us as 

876

loody Rorshak tests. Those same works and others included in this section should also demonstrate the pitfalls of 

interpreting blood stain evidence without adequate training, experience, and certification. 

Probably the the most cross-referenced citations in this section have to do with DNA research; however, the 

researcher is also directed to sections on Photography, Fingerprint, Ear Print, Lip Print, and Tattoo Evidence, Firearms 

and Toolmark Evidence, and General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation Topics. 

This section is divided into the following categories: 

Blood Stain Identification and Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 

Other Blood and Body Fluid Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 

A homicide scene in which the victim was pushed through a window light leaving blood evidence on outside surfaces. 

Blood Stain Identification and Interpretation 

Part science, part art, and mostly dependant on empirical research and extensive experience in crime scene 

reconstruction and analyses, blood stain pattern analysis has become a standard in the reconstruction of violent scenes. 

Although the principles of fluid dynamics and trigonometry behind blood spatter analysis are straightforward, the contexts of 

the resultant stains are what require forensic specialists with years of experience in a variety of scenes. Bloodstain 

characteristics are for the most part related to traumatic injuries. There are obviously natural and accidental sources of 

patterns but the crime scene investigator is most drawn to those resulting from violence. For the same reason, those who 

consult this bibliography might be interested in Section III, Taphonomy, sub-sections referencing Trauma. Those subsections 

on Photography as well as Surveying and Mapping contain references of use toward the proper measurement of 

crime scenes and their features. Because Blood stains do not occur in chronological or spatial vacuums, knowledge of crime 

scene dynamics are key. For that the reader is directed to General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigations. Even the 

sub-section Entomology is related to Blood Stain Pattern Analysis. Fly excrement and insect tracking through blood is often 

mistaken for blood spatter upon first glance. 

877


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1998 False Wave Cast-Off: Considering the Mechanism of Stain Formation. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis News, 14(1):2. 

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1999a Recognition of Bloodstain Evidence in Historical Denver, Colorado. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis News, December, 

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2008 A Comparison of the Luminol and Blue Star Blood Reagents in Detecting Blood in Soil Nearly Four Years After Deposition. International 

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2005 Enhancement of Bloodstains on Washed Clothing Using Luminol and LCV Reagents. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 

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2006 The Use of Luminol to Detect Blood in Soil One Year After Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis News, 22(3):4- 

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2007 Detecting Blood Patterns in Soil with Luminol Two Years after Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis News, 

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2008 A Canadian Approach to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Abstract of the Scientific Presentations at the Second European IABPA Conference, 

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2010 Evaluating the Validity of Angle of Impact/Incidence Determinations Made from Very Small Bloodstains. A Presentation before the 61 st Annual 

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1995 Blood and Plant Residues on Hawaiian Stone Tools from Two Archaeological Sites in Upland Kane'ohe, Ko' Olau Poko District, O'ahu Island, 

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DNA Evidence 

The topic of DNA is so thoroughly linked to forensic science, that it is assumed in almost every violent crimes case. 

A reflection of its ubiquity may be that this section of the bibliography contains the largest number of citations. This section 

primarily addresses human DNA; however; plant and non-human animal DNA are increasingly playing part in criminal 

investigations. Conservation Agents often use DNA to solve pouching cases, and plant DNA has been used to identify or 

link illicit drug evidence such as marijuana to scenes and suspects. 

This is perhaps the single most cross-referenced category of the bibliography. One can understand why since almost 

every material at a crime scene may hold viable DNA evidence as a substrate or questioned sample. For example the soil in a 

grave from which a body was moved could contain decompitus bearing the victim's DNA; the thorns of a bush which 

scratched a subject while he disposed of a body could bear his DNA; biting insects have been found to contain viable 

amounts of DNA related to victims or suspects; and firearms might hold the DNA from the individuaul how gripped the gun 

while the barrel contains victim blood or tissue blown back toward the gun and suspect. This category also includes 

references which are, or could be included in that of Geoarchaeology and Soil Science or Excavation and Recovery 

Strategies. Many examples, such as Burger (2002) or Stone and Stoneking (1999) discuss the identification of ancient DNA 

in spite of the burial of the substrates or their exposure to the elements. 

The refinement of DNA technology continues to require smaller and smaller amounts of material for examination. 

Likewise, age and contamination issues are addressed in many citations. Proper collection techniques are not only topics of 

some references below but also in general crime scene investigation references contained in General Crime Scene and 

Death Scene Investigation Topics. 

940


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2000 Identification and Characterization of Immunoglobulin G in Blood as a Major Inhibitor of Diagnostic PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38(1):345-350. 

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1977 The Potential Hazardsof Recombinant DNA Research: Their Assessment and Management. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 9(3):93-97. 

1985 Some Current and Future Developments in Biology Using Recombinant DNA Technology. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 17(3):84-93. 

Adachi, Noboru, Kazuo Umetsu, Wataru Takigawa, and Kazuhiro Sakaue 

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Adams, D.E., L.A. Presley, A.L. Baumstark, K.W. Hensley, P.A. Campbell, C.M. McLaughlin, B. Budowle, A.M. Giusti, J.B. Smerick, and F.S. Baechtel 

1991 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analysis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms of Blood and Other Body Fluid Stains Subjected to 

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2004 Case Study of 'Deleted-Amelogenin' Males within the WTC DNA Identification Project. Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the 


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Zamir, Ashira, Carla Oz, Ehud Wolf, Asya Vinokurov, and Baruch Glattstein 

2004 A Possible Source of Reference DNA from Archived Treated Adhesive Lifters. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(1):68-70. 

Zamir, A., M. Shpitzen, C. Oz, U. Motro, V. Meiner, and R. Gafny 

2002 Presentation of a Three-Banded Allele Pattern - Analysis and Internpretation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47:824-826. 

Zamir, A., E. Springer, and B. Glattsein 

2000 Fingerprints and DNA: STR Typing of DNA Extracted from Adhesive Tape After Processing for Fingerprints. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

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2007 Forensic Efficiency of Microsatellites and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on the X Chromosome. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 

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2003 Spanish Population Data and Forensic Usefulness of a Novel Y-STR set (DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS460, DYS461, GATA A10, GATA 

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2004 High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes in the Americas. 

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Zeng, Xiaoyan, Allah Rakha, and Shengbin Li 

2009 Genetic Polymorphisms of 10 X-Chromosome STR Loci in Chinese Daur Ethnic Minority Group. Legal Medicine, 11(3):152-154. 

Zeng, Zhaoshu, Hongtao Yan, Li Wang, Enwu Yuan, Weihong Yang, Zhigang Liao, and Ziming Dong. 

1108

2010 Genome-Wide Screen for Individual Identification SNPs (IISNPs) and the Confirmation of Six of Them in Han Chinese with Pyrosequencing 

Technology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(4):901-907. 

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Zeng, Zhaoshu, Xudong Zheng, Guanzheng Zhang, Yunliang Zhu, Xiansheng Meng, Zhide Xiang, Baolong Yuan, Chunling Wu, and Ziming Dong 

2008 Genetic Data of Six STR Loci of Han Population in Henan Province (Central China). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(2):515-516. 

Zeng, Zhao Shu, Xu D. Zheng, Yun L. Zhu, Zi Q. Wang, Zhi D. Xiang, Xian S. Meng, Tian P. Wang, and Zi M. Dong 

2007 Population Genetic Data of 15 STR Loci in Han Population of Henan Province (Central China). Legal Medicine, 9(1):30-32. 

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2007 Population Genetic Data of 15 STR Loci in Han Population of Henan Province (Central China). Legal Medicine (Tokyo), 9:30-32. 

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2010 mtDNA and STR Analysis of Stored Maggot Crop Content Extractions Following Real-Time PCR Quantitation. A Presentation before the 62nd 


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2007 Miniaturized PCR Chips for Nucleic Acid Amplification and Analysis: Latest Advances and Future Trends. Nucleic Acids Research, 35:4223- 

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2007 Analysis of 16 STR Loci in Chinese Population from Sichuan in West China. Forensic Science International, 171(2-3):222-225. 

Zhang, Qingxia, Jiangwei Yan, Hui Tang, Zhangping Jiao, and Yacheng Liu 

2006 Genetic Polymorphisms of 17 Y-STRs Haplotypes in Tibetan Ethnic Minority Group of Chine. Legal Medicine, 8(5):300-305. 

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Zhang, YongJi, and JungBin Lee 

2007 Genetic Polymorphism of Y-Chromosomal STR Loci in South Korean Population. Forensic Science International, 173(2-3):225-230. 

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2007 Population Genetics for Y-Chromosomal STRs Haplotypes of Chinese Korean Ethnic Group in Northeastern China. Forensic Science 


Zhang, Zhen, Bao-Jie Wang, Hong-Yu Guan, Hao Pang, and Jin-Feng Xuan 

2009 A LDR-PCR Approach for Multiplex Polymorphisms Genotyping of Severely Degraded DNA with Fragment Sizes

S. Tsybovsky 

2007 A Comprehensive Population Survey on the Distribution of STR Frequencies in Belarus. Forensic Science International, 172(2-3):156-160. 

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2007 Population Genetic Polymorphisms for 17 Y-Chromosomal STRs Haplotypes of Chinese Salar Ethnic Minority Group. Legal Medicine, 

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2007 Genetic Polymorphisms of 15 STR in Chinese Salar Ethnic Minority Group. Forensic Science International, 173(2-3):210-213. 

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2007 Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Population Data from Macedonia. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 4:e4-9. 

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1995 Detecting Dinosaur DNA. Science, 268:1192-1193. 

Zollinger, J.A. 

1997 Defense Access to State-Funded DNA Experts: Considerations of Due Process. California Law Review, 85:1803-1839. 

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2005 Recombination of Mitochondrial DNA Detected in Skeletal Muscle of Individuals with Multiple Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy. Nat Genet, 

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2001 Parentage Testing with 14 STR Loci and Population Data for 5 STRs in the Slovenian Population. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 

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2000 Examination of Two Years of Community Dynamics in an Anaerobic Bioreactor Using Fluorescence Polumerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Single- 

Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis. Environmental Microbiology, 2:69-78. 

Stable Isotope Analyses 

This topic represents the newest category or section contained within this Bibliography. During the last few years, 

the compiler has noticed more and more popular and scientific references to the use of stable isotopes in identifying skeletal 

remains. More accurately, stable isotope analyses may provide investigators clues to the spatial history of unidentified 

victims. Our bones and teeth, throughout our lives become reservoirs for those chemical elements to which we are exposed. 

1110

The longer those exposures to the varied concentrations of different elements in different areas of the world, the more likely 

the victim can be determined as having resided in a particular area. By knowing the areas inhabited by a victim, the more 

likely investigators will be able to track down his, or her, identity. Unlike radioactive isotopes, stable isotopes never 

disintegrate. Schwarz, (2007), provides a good example of the forensic value of stable isotopes: 

"Most of the O atoms in our body come from the water we drink, and is usually isotopically like the 

precipitation where we live. Therefore we can often learn where a person lived from the isotopic 

composition of their teeth and bones. Fortunately we now have maps showing the distribution of 18 O/ 16 O 

ratios in precipitation falling over North America and Europe which we can use to help trace the place of 

origin of a murder victim. Even burned remains can be analyzed this way." 

(Schwarz, 2007:28) 

Like DNA, stable isotope analyses will continue to be developed and be refined. And like DNA analyses, it may someday be 

a staple in the forensic scientist's toolbox. 

Because stable isotope analysis is so dependent on the proper collection of known environmental samples, the 

researcher is also referred to the section Geoarchaeology and Soil Science. Our culture obviously impacts and reflects 

where we live and what we consume. For those reasons, the researcher may find useful citations in the section entitled 

Criminal and Cultural Behavior. 


Åberg, G. 

1996 The Use of Natural Strontium Isotopes as Tracers in Environmental Studies. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 79(1):309-322. 

Åberg, G., G. Fosse, and H. Stray 

1998 Man, Nutrition and Mobility: A Comparison of Teeth and Bone from the Medieval Era and the Present Day Using Pb and Sr Isotopes. Science of 

the Total Environment, 224:109-119. 

Adriano, D.C. 

2001 Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 

Aggarwal, J. 

2005 Application of Heavy Stable Isotopes to Forensic Isotope Geochemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(10):Supplement: A202. 

Alexander, L.M., A. Heaven, H.T. Delves, J. Moreton, and M.J. Treenouth 

1983 Relative Exposure of Children to Lead from Dust and Drinking Water. Archives of Environmental Health, 48:392-400. 

Ambler, R.P., S.A. Macko, B. Sykes, J.B. Griffiths, J. Bada, and G. Eglinton 

1999 Documenting the Diet in Ancient Human Populations Through Stable Isotope Analysis of Hair – Discussion. Philosophical Transactions of the 

Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 354:75-76. 

Ambrose, Stanley H. 

1987 Chemical and Isotope Techniques of Diet Reconstruction in Eastern North America. In W.F. Keegan, editor, Emergent Horticultural Economies 

of the Eastern Woodlands, Occasional Papers 27, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Carbondale, IL, pp:87-107. 

1990 Preparation and Characterization of Bone and Tooth Collagen for Isotopic Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 17:431-451. (also cited 

as 18:293-317) 

1991 Effects of Diet, Climate and Physiology on Nitrogen Isotope Abundances in Terrestrial Foodwebs. Journal of Archaeological Science, 18:293- 

317 

1993a Isotopic Analysis of Paleodiets: Methodological and Interpretative Considerations. In M.K. Sandford, editor, Investigations of Ancient Human 

Tissue: Chemcial Analyses in Anthropology, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Pennsylvania, pp:59-130. 

1993b Diet Reconstruction with Stable Isotopes. In M.K. Sandford, editor, Investigations of Ancient Human Tissue, Chemical Analysis in 

Anthropology, Gordon and Breach, Langhorn, PA. pp.59-130. 

2000 Controlled Diet and Climate Experiments on Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Rats. In S.H. Ambrose and A.M. Katzenberg, editors, Biogeochemical 

Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, NY., pp:243-259. 

Ambrose, S.H., J. Buikstra, and H.W. Krueger 

2003 Status and Gender Differences in Diet at Mound 72, Cahokia, Revealed by Isotopic Analysis of Bone. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 

22(3):217-226. 

Ambrose, S.H., M.J. DeNiro 

1986a Reconstruction of African Human Diet Using Bone Collagen Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios. Nature, 319:321-324. 

1986b The Isotopic Ecology of East African Mammals. Oecologia, 69:395-406. 

1111

1987 Bone Nitrogen Isotope Composition and Climate. Nature, 325:201. 

Ambrose, S., and J. Kringbaum (also spelled Krigbaum) 

2003 Bone Chemistry and Bioarchaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 22:193-199. 

Ambrose, S.H., and L. Norr 

1993 Experimental Evidence for the Relationship of the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Whole Diet and Dietary Protein to Those of Bone Collagen and 

Carbonate. In J.B. Lambert and G. Grupe, editors, Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 

Germany, pp:1-37. 

Andrasko, J., I. Kopp, . brink, and T. Sklöld 

1993 Lead Isotope Ratios in Lead Smears and Bullet Fragments and Application in Firearm Investigations. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(5): 

Angerosa, F., O. Breas, S. Contento, C. Guillou, F. Reniero, and E. Sada 

1999 Application of Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis to the Characterization of the Geographical Origin of Olive Oils. Journal of Agric Food Chem, 

47(3):1013-1017. 

Angerosa, F., L. Camera, S. Cumitini, G. Gleixner, and F. Reniero 

1997 Carbon Stable Isotopes and Olive Oil Adulteration with Pomace Oil. Journal of Agric Food Chem, 45:3044-3048. 

Arnay-de-la-Rosa, Matilde, Emilio González-Reimers, Alejandro Gámez-Mendoza, and Luis Galindo-Martín 

2009 The Ba/Sr Ratio, Carious Lesions, and Dental Calculus Among the Population Buried in the Curch La Concepcion (Tenerife, Canary Islands. 


Arnay-de-la-Rosa, M., E. Gonzalez-Reimers, J. Velasco-Vazquez, N. Barros-Lopez, and L. Galindo-Martin 

1998 Bone Trace Elements Pattern in an XVIIIth Century Population Smaple of Tenerife: Comparison with a Prehistoric One. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 

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Arneborg, J., J. Heinemeier, N. Lynnerup, H.L. Nielsen, N. Rud, and Á.E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir 

1999 Change of Diet of the Greenland Vikings Determined from Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis and 14C Dating of Their Bones. Radiocarbon, 

41(2):157-168. 

Aufderheide, A., M. Kelly, M. Rivera, L. Gray, L. Tieszen, E. Iversen, H. Krouse, and A. Carevic 

1994 Contributions of Chemical Dietary Reconstruction to the Assessment of Adaptation by Ancient Highland Immigrants (Alto Ramirez) to Coastal 

Conditions at Pisagua, North Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21:515-524. 

Aufherheide, Arthur C., F.D. Neiman, L.E. Wittmers, Jr., and G. Rapp 

1981 Leada in Bone II: Skeletal-Lead Content as an Indicator of Lifetime Lead Ingetion and the Social Correlates in an Archaeological Population. 

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 55:285-291. 

Ayliffe, L.K. and A.R. Chivas 

1990 Oxygen Isotope Composition of the Bone Phosphate of Australian Kangaroos: Potential as a Palaeo-environmental Recorder. Geochimica et 

Cosmoschimica Acta, 54(9):2603-2609. 

Ayliffe, L.K., A.R. Chivas, and M.G. Leakey 

1994 The Retention of Primary Oxygen Isotope Compositions of Fossil Elephant Skeletal Phosphate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58:5291- 

5298. 

Balasse, M. 

2002 Reconstructing Dietary and Environmental History from Enamel Isotopic Analysis: Time Resolution of Intra-Tooth Sequential Sampling. 

International Journal of Osteorchaeology, 12:155-165. 

2003 Potential Biases in Sampling Design and Interpretation of Intra-Tooth Isotope Analysis. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(1-2):3-10. 

Balasse, M., and S.H. Ambrose 

2005 Distinguishing Sheep and Goats Using Dental Morphology and Stable Carbon Isotopes in C4 Grassland Environments. Journal of Archaeological 

Science, 32:691-702. 

Balasse, M., S.H. Ambrose, A.B. Smith and T.D. Price 

2002 The Seasonal Mobility Model for Prehistoric Herders in the Southwestern Cape of South Africa Assessed by Isotopic Analysis of Sheep Tooth 

Enamel. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29:917-932. 

Balasse, M., H. Bocherens, and A. Mariotti 

1999 Intra-Bone Variability of Collagen and Apatite Isotopic Composition Used as Evideence of a Change of Diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 

26:593-598. 

Balasse, M., H. Bocherens, A. Tresset, A. Mariotti, and J.-D. Vigne 

1997 Émergence de la Production laitière au Néolithique? Contribution de l'analyse isotopique d'ossements de bovines archéologiques. Sciences de la 

Terre et des Planètes, 325:1000-1010. 

Balasse, M., A.B. Smith, S. Ambrose, and S.R. Leigh 

2001 Detection of Dietary Changes by Intra-Tooth Carbon and Nitrogen Analysis: An Experimental Study of Dentine Collagen of Cattle (Bos Taurus). 


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2003 Determining Sheep Birth Seasonality by Analysis of Tooth Enamel Oxygen Isotope Ratios: The Late Stone Age Site of Kasteelberg (South 

Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science, 30:205-215. 

Balasse, M., A. Tresset, and S.H. Ambrose 

2006 Stable Isotope Evidence (Delta C-13, Delta O-18) for Winter Feeding on Seaweed by Neolithic Sheep of Scotland. Journal of Zoology, 270:170- 

176. 

Balasse, M., and A. Tresset 

2002 Early Weaning of Neolithic Domestic Cattle (Bercy, France) Revealed by Intra-Tooth Variation in Nitrogen Isotope Ratios. Journal of 

Archaaeological Science, 29:853-859. 

Balasse, M., A. Tresset, K. Dobney, and S.H. Ambrose 

2005 The Use of Isotope Ratios to Test for Seaweed Eating in Sheep. Journal of Zoology, 266:283-291. 

Balzer, A., G. Gleixner, G. Grupe, H-L. Schmidt, S. Schramm, and S. Turban-Just 

1997 In Vitro Decomposition of Bone Collagen by Soil Bacteria: The Implications for Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeometry. Archaeometry, 

39(2):415-429. 

Baranowska, I., K. Czernicki, and R. Aleksandrowicz 

1995 The Analysis of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper and Nickel Content in Human Bones from the Upper Silesian Industrial District. Science of the 

Total Environment, 159:155-162. 

Barberena, R., and L.A. Borrero 

2005 Stable Isotopes and Faunal Bones. Antiquity, 79(303):191-195. 

Barberena, R., A.F. Gil, G.A. Neme, and R.H. Tykot 

2009 Stable Isotopes and Archaeology in Southern South America. Hunter-Gatherers, Pastoralism and Agriculture: An Introduction. International 


Barbour, M.M., T.J. Andrews, and G.D. Farquhar 

2001 Correlations beween Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Wood Constiuents of Quercus and Pinus Samples from Around the World. Australian Journal of 

Plant Physiology, 28:335-348. 

Barrett, J.H., R.P. Beukens, and R.A. Nicholson 

2001 Diet and Ethnicity During the Viking Colonization of Northern Scotland: Evidence From Fish Bones and Stable Carbon Isotopes. Antiquity, 

75:145-154. 

Bartelink, Eric J., Melanie Beasley, and Chelsey A. Juarez 

2008 Extending the Biological Profile Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis: Prospects and Pitfalls. A Presentation before the 60th 


Bate, L.G. 

1966 Absorption and Elution of Trace Elements on Human Hair. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 17:417-423. 

Beard, B.L., and C.M. Johnson 

2000 Strontium Isotope Composition of Skeletal Material Can Determine the Birth Place and Geographic Mobility of Humans and Animals. Journal of 


Bearhop, S., R.W. Furness, G.M. Hilton, S.C. Votier, and S. Waldron 

2003 A Forensic Approach to Understanding Diet and Habitat Use from Stable Isotope Analysis of (Avian) Claw Material. Functional Ecology, 

17:270-275. 

Begley, I.S., M. Coleman, A. Beadah, S. Doyle, D. Wakelin, M. Stroud, M. Ader, M. Isaacs, A. Poswa, S. Brookes, and C. Belanger 

2003 Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis of Explosives – A New Type of Evidence. Forensic Science International, 136:140. 

Bell, L.S., G. Cox, and J.C. Sealy 

2001 Determining Life History Trajectories Using Bone Density Fractionation and Stable Light Isotope Analysis: A New Approach. American Journal 

of Physical Anthropology, 116:66-79. 

Bell, L.S., J.A. Lee-Thorp, and K. Dobney 

2006 Mapping Human Movement Using Stable Oxygen Isotopic Mass Spectrometry: Potential Application to Forensic Science. Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, 39:47-54. 

Benson, L.V., E.M. Hattori, H.E. Taylor, S.R. Poulson, and E.A. Jolie 

2006 Isotope Sourcing of Prehistoric Willow and Tule Textiles Recovered from Western Great Basin Rock Shelters and Caves: Proof of Concept. 


Benson, S.J. 

2009 Introduction of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) for the Forensic Analysis of Explosives. PhD Thesis, University of Technology, 

Sydney, Australia. 

Benson, S., C. Lennard, P. Maynard, et al. 

2006 Forensic Applications of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry – A Review. Forensic Science International, 157(1):1-22. 

Benson, Sarah J., Christopher J. Lennard, Philip Maynard, David M. Hill, Anita S. Andrew, and Claude Roux 

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2009a Forensic Analysis of Explosives Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) – Discrimination of Ammonium Nitrate Sources. Science and 

Justice, 49(2):73-80. 

2009b Forensic Analysis of Explosives Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) – Preliminary Study on TATP and PETN. Science and Justice, 

49(2):81-86. 

Bentley, R. Alexander 

2006 Strontium Isotopes from the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: A Review. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 13(3):135-187. 

2007 Mobility, Specialization and Community Diversity in the Line-Arbandkeramik: Isotopic Evidence From Skeletons. In A. Whittle and V. 

Cummings, editors, Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe, Oxford University Press, New York, pp.117-140. 

Bentley, R. Alexander, Lounès Chikhi, and T. Douglas Price 

2003 The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Comparing Broad Genetic and Local Isotopic Evidence. Antiquity, 77:63-66. 

Bentley, R.A., and C. Knipper 

2005 Geographical Patterns in Biologically Available Strontium, Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Signatures in Prehistoric SW Germany. Archaeometry, 

47:629-644. 

Bentley R.A., R. Krause, T.D. Price, and B. Kaufmann 

2003 Human Mobility at the Early Neolithic Settlement of Vaihingen, Germany: Evidence From Strontium Isotope Analysis. Archaeometry, 45:471- 

486. 

Bentley, R.A., T.D. Price, J. Luning, D. Gronenborn, J. Wahl, and P.D. Fullagar 

2002 Prehistoric Migration in Europe: Strontium Isotope Analysis of Early Neolithic Skeletons. Current Anthropology, 43:799-804. 

Bentley, R.A., T.D. Price, and E. Stephan 

2004 Determining the 'Local' 87Sr/86Sr Range for Archaeological Skeletons: A Case Study from Neolithic Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 

31:365-375. 

Bentley, R.A., N. Tayles, C. Higham, C. MacPherson, and T.C. Atkinson 

2007 Shifting Gender Relations at Khok Phanom Di, Thailand: Isotopic Evidence from the Skeletons. Current Anthropology, 48(2):301- 

Berger, T.E., J. Peters, and G. Grupe 

2010 Life History of a Mule (c. 160AD) from the Roman Fort Biriciana/Weienburg (Upper Bavaria) as Revealed by Serial Stable Isotope Analysis of 

Dental Tissues. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 20(2):158-171. 

Berón, M.A., L.H. Luna, and R. Barberena 

2009 Isotopic Archaeology in the Western Pampas (Argentina): Preliminary Results and Perspectives. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 

19(2):250-265. 

Berstan, R., S.N. Dudd, M.S. Copley, E.D. Morgan, A. Quye, and R.P. Evershed 

2004 Characterization of 'Bog Butter' Using a Combination of Molecular and Isotopic Techniques. Analyst, 129:270-275. 

Besacier, F., R. Guilluy, J.L. Brazier, H. Chaudron Thozet, J. Girard, and A. Lamotte 

1997 isotopic Analysis of C-13 as a Tool for Comparison and Origin Assignment of Seized Heroin Samples. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42:429-433. 

Bethard, J.D., C. Gaither, V. Vasquez, T. Rosales, and J.D. Kent 

2008 Stable Isotopes from Santa Rita B: Subsistence and Residential Mobility in the Chao Valley of Peru. In Society for American Archaeology 73rd 

Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC. 

Bigeleisen, J. 

1965 Chemistry of Isotopes. Science, 147:463-471. 

Binnert, C., M. Laville, C. Pachiaudi, V. Rigalleau, and M. Beylot 

1995 Use of Gas-Chromotography Isotope Ratio-Mass Spectrometry to Study Triglyceride-Metabolism in Humans. Lipids, 30:869-873. 

Birchall, J. 

2002 The Study of Modern Freshwater and Terrestrial Ecosystems Using Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen Isotopes: Implications for Palaeodietary 

Studies. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford. 

Birchall, J., T.C. O'Connell, T.H.E. Heaton, and R.E.M. Hedges 

2005 Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Animal Body Protein Reflect Trophic Level. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74:877-881. 

Blake, R.E., J.R. O'Neil, and G.A. Garcia 

1997 Oxygen Isotope Systematics of Biologically Mediated Reactions of Phosphate: I. Microbial Degradation of Organophosphorus Compounds. 

Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 61:4411-4422. 

Blum, J.D., E.H. Taliaferro, M.T. Weisse, and A. Holmes 

2000 Changes in Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Ratios Between Two Forest Ecosystems in the Northeastern USA. Biochemistry, 49:87-101. 

Bocherens, H. and D. Drucker 

2003 Trophic Level Isotopic Enrichment of Carbon and Nitrogen in Bone Collagen: Case Studies from Recent and Ancient Terrestrial Ecosystems. 

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(1-2):46-53. 

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Bocherens, H., D.G. Drucker, D. Billiou, J.-M. Genestec, and J. van der Plicht 

2006 Bears and Humans in Chauvet Cave (Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche, France): Insights from Stable Isotopes and Radiocarbon Dating of Bone 

Collagen. Journal of Human Evolution, 50:370-376. 

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An FBI Evidence Response Team Member uses lasers and measuring devices to record the three dimensional positions of bullet holes. 

Firearms, Projectiles, and Tool Mark Evidence 

The proliferation of firearms throughout the United States appears to correspond with their relationship to a high 

number of homicides committed with guns. References in this section address the three primary topics of forensic firearms 

and ammunition analysis: Internal or Initial Ballistics, External or Transitional Ballistics, and Terminal or Wound Ballistics. 

Of those topics, those concerning wounds are contained in, or cross referenced to the subsection of trauma within this 

bibliography's Taphonomy section. The effects of gunshot residues on materials near discharged weapons may impact trace 

evidence such as hairs and fibers, as well as substrates such as the human skin of both the victim and suspect. It is not only 

firearms which are addressed, however; the science of ballistics also affects projectiles of any description. 

Because the examination of bullets and cartridges is a primary area of tool mark examination, this section also 

includes that on "General Toolmark Evidence". Beyond ammunition, tool mark examinations include impressions left by 

cutting or prying tools used in burglaries or forced entries. They also comprise a major component of Geotaphonomy in the 

form of toolmarks left by digging implements in the walls of pits used to conceal buried evidence, or the backdirt of same 

(Hochrein [1997]). Fingers, teeth, and feet are, technically, tools which can also leave impressions or marks on victims or 

other substrates at a crime scene. For this reason, the reader is directed to the categories of Trace and Impression Evidence, 

and "Bitemark Evidence" in Taphonomy, citations which discuss such marks. 

Firearms and Ballistic Evidence 



Firearms and Ballistics Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155 

General Toolmark Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212 

Abraham, J.T., G.H. Kamila, G. Raj Kumar, and C.N. Bhattacharaya 

2005 Air Guns Altered to Fire Rimfire Cartridges. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 37(2):150-152. 

brink, , C. Andersson, and A.C. Maehly 

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1984 A Video System for the Visualization of Gunpowder Patterns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29(4):1223-1224. 

Ackley, P.O. 

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Adair, Thomas W. 

2005 Alignment of Vehicle Chairs and Referencing Bullet Holes Locations in Vehicle Glass. The Journal of the Association for Crime Scene 

Reconstruction, 11(2):22-23. 

Adeyi, O., J.V. Duval, M.E. Dupre, and T.A. Andrew 

2005 Role of Chemical Tests and Scene Investigation in Determination of Range of Fire. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 

26:166-169. 

AFTE Committee for the Advancement of the Science of Firearm and Toolmark Identification 

2008 The Response of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners to the National Academy of Sciences 2008 Report Assessing the 

Feasibility, Accuracy , and Technical Capability of a National Ballistics Database, August 20, 2008. Association of Firearms and Toolmark 

Examiners Journal, 40(3):234-244. 

AGIS 

n.d. Project Number: JLS/2005/ AGIS/031. Creation and Implementation of a Database Containing Information of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles 

from Different Ammunition. 

http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/funding/2004_2007/agis/doc/sec_2006_1535_en.pdf 

n.d. Project Number: JAI/2003/AGIS/033. Statistical Evaluation of Particle Analysis (SEM/EDX) for the Differentiation of Gunshot Residues. 

http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/funding/2004_2007/agis/doc/sec_2005_542_en.pdf 

Aguilera, Ernest P., Christopher D. Duncan, and Alton G. Riddle 

2005 Rods, Strings, and Lasers: Creating Demonstrative Evidence in Shooting Reconstructions. A Presentation before the 90th International 

Association of Identification International Educational Conference, August 7-12, Dallas, Texas. 

Alakija, P., G.P. Dowling, and B. Gunn 

1998 Stellate Clothing Defects with Different Firearms, Projectiles, Ranges and Fabrics. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43:1148-1153. 

Aleksandar, Ivanoviœ 

2003a Is There a Way to Precisely Identify That the Suspect Fired from the Firearm. Proceedings of the Third European Academy of Forensic Science 

Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):158-159. 

2003b Is There a Way to Precisely Identify that the Suspect Fired from the Firearm? Forensic Science International, 136(Suppl. 1):158-159. 

Al-Khalifa, Ahmed K. 

2008 Headstamps with Arabic Markings. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 15(2):64-70. 

Allen, W.G.B. 

1953 Pistols, Rifles and Machine Guns. English University Press Limited, London, UK. 

Allsop, D. 

2005 Forensic Ballistic Investigation, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Defence College of Management and Technology. 

Allsop, D., and M. Toomey 

1999 Small Arms: General Design, Brassey, London, UK 

Almog, Joseph, Yaniv Avissar, Assaf Sagiv, and Daniel Mandler 

2005 Detection of Recent Handling of Firearms. A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 


Almog, J., and B. Glattstein 

1997 Detection of Firearms Imprints on Hands of Suspects: Study of the PDT-Based Field Test. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 4296):993-996. 

American Society for Testing and Materials 

1995 ASTM Standard E 1588-95: Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. 

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2001 Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy. E1588-95, American Society 

for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA. 

Andersson, C., and J. Andrasko 

1999 Novel Application of Time Since the Latest Discharge of a Shotgun in a Suspect Murder. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(1):211-213. 

Andrasko, J. 

1992 Characterization of Smokeless Powder Flakes from Fired Cartridge Cases and from Discharge Patterns on Clothing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

37(4): 

Andrasko, J., I. Kopp, . brink, and T. Sklöld 

1993 Lead Isotope Ratios in Lead Smears and Bullet Fragments and Application in Firearm Investigations. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(5): 

1155

Andrasko, J., and A.C. Maehly 

1977 Detection of Gunshot Residues on Hands by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 22(2):279-287. 

Andrasko, J., T. Norberg, and S. Stabling 

1998 Time Since Discharge of Shotguns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(5):1005-1015. 

Andrasko, J., J. Oskarsson, and S. Stahling 

2003 Ammunition Used in the Latest Shooting. Forensic Science International, 136(Suppl. 1):146. 

Andrasko, J., and S. Pettersson 

1991 A Simple Method for Collection of Gunshot Residues from Clothing. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 31(3):321-330. 

Andrasko, J., and S. Stahling 

1999 Time Since Discharge of Spent Cartridges. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44:487-495 

Anonymous 

1993 NRA Firearms Fact Book, Third Edition. National Rifle Association Press, Washington, D.C. 

1969 Bouncing Bullets. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 38:1-9 

2004a Firearms Tutorial 

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2004b Gunshot Residue Standards, FirearmsID.com, An Introduction to Forensic Firearm Identification 

http://www.firearmsid.com/A_diststandards.htm (accessed 12/10/2004) 

2004c Firearms Identification and Ballistics 

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Arnold, Richard R. 

1985 Does Cyanoacrylate (Super Glue) Fuming Impair Firearms Identification? Identification News, 12 

Aslan, Sahin, Mustafa Uzkeser, Yavuz Katirci, Zeynep Cakir, Ozlem Bilir, Fatih Bilge, and Murtaza Cakir 

2006 Air Guns: Toys or Weapons? American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 27(3):260-262. 

Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Criteria for Identification Committee 

1992 Theory of Identification, Range of Striae Comparison Reports and Modified Glossary Definitions – An AFTE Criteria for Identification 

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Atwater, Christina S. 

2006 Examination of Gunshot Residue Patterns on Dark Clothing Using the Video Spectral Comparator 2000 for Firing Distance Determination. A 


Atwater, Christina S., Marie E. Durina, John P. Durina, and Robert D. Blackledge 

2006 Visualization of Gunshot Residue Patterns on Dark Clothing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(5):1091-1095 

Austin, J.C., C.R. Day, A.T. Kearon, S. Valussi, and P.W. Haycock 

2008 Using Polychromatic X-Radiography to Examine Realistic Imitation Firearms. Forensic Science International, 181(1):26-31. 

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1970a Mechanism Approach to Projectile Penetration. J Technion Inst Technol, 8:375-383. 

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Avissar, Y.Y., A.E. Sagiv, D. Mandler, and J. Almog 

2004 Identification of Firearms Holders by the [Fe(PDT)3] +2 Complex: Quantitative Determination of Iron Transfer to the Hand and Its Dependence on 

Palmar Moisture Levels. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(6):1215-1219. 

2005 Identification of Firearms Handling by the [Fe(PDT)3] 2+ Complex: Chemical and Time-Dependent Factors. Talanta, 67:328-333. 

Bachani, Melissa 

2008 Dupicate Headstamps, but Different Hull Markings. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 40(4):401-402. 

Bachrach, B. 

2002 Development of a 3D-based Automated Firearms Evidence Comparison System. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(6): 1253-1264 (also cited as 

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2006 A Statistical Validation of the Individuality of Guns Using 3D Images of Bullets. Department of Justice Mar. Report No.: 213674. Washington, 

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2003 Gun Shot Residue Pattern Enhancement on Fabric: An Alternative Chemical Method Utilizing Sodium Hypochlorite. Proceedings of the Third 

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2005 Analysis of Bullet Wipe Patterns on Cloth Targets. Journal of Forensic Identification, 55(4):448-460. 

2006 A Classification System and Identification Key for .177 Caliber Pellets. A Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American 


2007a .177 Caliber Pellet Classification System and Identification Key. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(6):1314-1318. 

2007b Digital Infrared Photography to Develop GSR Patterns. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(1):33-40. 

2008 Detection of Air Gun Pellet Wipe Using Digital Infrared Photography. A Presentation before the 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American 


Bailey, James A., Ruby S. Casanova, and Kim Bufkin 

2005 Alternate Testing Procedures for the Modified Griess Test. A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic 


2006 A Method for Enhancing Gunshot Residue Patterns on Dark and Multicolored Fabrics Compared with the Modified Griess Test. Journal of 


Bailey, James A., Daniel J. Swart, and Heather L. Finch 

2007 Limit of Detection with Sodium Rhodizonate: Bullet Wipe Patterns with Selected Ammunition Examined for Lead. Association of Firearms and 

Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 39(2):95-99. 

2008 Examination and Evaluation of .177 Caliber Pellet Wipe Patterns Using Sodium Rhodizonate. Journal of Forensic Identification, 58(5):505-514. 

Bailey, James A., Erwin Vermeij, and Reza R.R. Gerretsen 

2010 James-Younger Gang Member’s Revolver Examined for Gunshot Residue (GSR) with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Association of 

Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(2):172-178. 

Balash, D.E. 

1998 Frangible Bullets: A Firearms Examiner's Nightmare. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 30(2):340-342. 

Ballou, Susan 

2008 Is It Sci-Fi? NIST's Futuristic Tools for the Forensic Scientist. Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science, January:14-16. 

Ballou, Susan, T.V. Vorburger, J.F. Song, H.G. Rhee, T.B. Renegar, J.M. Libert, L. Ma, and B. Bachrach 

2004 Correlation of Topography Measurements of Bullet Signatures by Four Techniques. Abstract, Annual Association of Firearm and Tool Mark 

Examiners (AFTE) Anniversary Training Seminar, May 23-28, 2004, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Information Bulletin for 

Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 10(2):14-15. 

Banno, A. 

2004 Estimation of Bullet Striation Similarity Using Neural networks. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49:1-5. 

Banno, A., T. Masuda, and K. Ikeuchi 

2004 Three Dimensional Visualization and Comparison of Impressions on Fired Bullets. Forensic Science International, 140(2-3):233-240. 

Barber, David, and Frank Cassidy 

1993 When is a Caliber 380 Auto NOT a 380 Auto. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 25(3):168-170. 

Barber, John L. 

1987 The Rimfire Cartridge in America and Canada. Armory Publications, Tacoma, Washington. 

Barber, R.J.W. 

1986 Forensic Ballistics – Identification. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 18(3-4):151-153. 

Barnes, Frank C. 

1993 Cartridges of the World, Seventh Edition. Digest Books Incorporated, Northfield, Illinois. 

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2003 Cartridges of the World, Tenth Edition. Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin 

Barnes, F.C., and R.A. Helson 

1974 An Empirical Study of Gunpowder Residue Patterns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19(3):448-462. (also cited as Barns) 

Barnes, F., and S. Skinner 

2006 Cartridges of the World A Complete and Illustrated Reference for Over 1500 Cartridges, Eleventh Edition. Gun Digest Books, Wisconsin. 

Barnes, Mike 

2007 The Identification of Impressed Cartridge Case Crimp Marks on Fired Bullets in a Shooting Scene Reconstruction. Association of Firearm and 


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1974 An Empirical Study of Gunpowder Residue Patterns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19(3): 

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Barr, D. 

2001a Modification to the Common Trigonometric Method of Bullet Impact Angle Determination. AFTE Journal, 33(2):116-121. 

2001b The Trig-Elliptical Method of Bullet Impact Angle Determination. AFTE Journal, 33:122-124. 

Barrett, Mike 

2010 ALIAS: The Next Generation of Forensic Ballistics. Law and Order, 58(3):69-72. 

Bartocci, C.R. 

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1932a Markings on Bullets and Shells Fired from Small Arms. Mechanical Engineering, 54: 

1932b Principles of Firearms Identification. Army Ordnance, XII:71-72. 

Gunther, J.D. 

1935 The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley, New York, NY. 

Gunther, J.D., and C. O. Gunther 

1935 The Identification of Firearms from Ammunition Fired Therein with an Analysis of Legal Authorities, John Wiley & Sons, London, UK. 

Gunther, Wendy M. 

2006 Sternal Shard from Bystander Bullet: A Rare Mechanism of Homicide. A Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American 


Guy, R.D., and B.D. Pate 

1973 Studies of the Trace Element Content of Bullet Lead and Jacket Material. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 18(2): 

Haag, Lucien C., 

1974 Bullet Ricochet from Water. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 11(3):27-34. 

1975 Bullet Ricochet: An Empirical Study and a Device for Measuring Ricochet Angle. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 

7(3):44-51. 

1979a Forensic Use of Exterior Ballistic Calculation. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 11(1):13-19. 

1979b Bullet Ricochet from Water. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 11(3):27-34. 

1980 Bullet Impact Spalls in Frangible Surfaces. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 12(4):71-74. 

1981a A Microchemical Test for Copper-Containing Bullet Wipings. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 13(3):22-28. 

1981b Double 00-Buck. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 13(3): 

1987a The Construction of an Inexpensive Portable Laser for Use in Shooting Reconstructions. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners 

Journal, 19:175-177. 

1987b The Measurement of Bullet Deflection by Intervening Objeccts and the Study of Bullet Behavior After Impact. Association of Firearms and 


1987c Projectile-Induced Mechanical and Thermal Effects in Fibers. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Training Seminar, 1989. 

1988 The Measurement of Bullet Deflection by Intervening Objects and in the study of Bullet Behavior after Impact. CAC Newsletter, January: 

1989 Suggested Method for Calibration of Gelating Blocks. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 21(3):483-489. 

1990 Vertical Ballistics. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 22(1): 

1991a An Inexpensive Method to Assess Bullet Stability in Flight. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 23(3):831-835. 

1991b A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR on Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic 

Scientists Journal, 13(1):13-18 

1991c A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR on Bloody Garments. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark 


1991c Portable Laser-Theodolite System for Use in Shooting Scene Reconstruction. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 

1172

23(1):538-542. 

1991d A Shot in the Dark: A Procedure for the Photographic Documentation of a Firearm’s Muzzle Flash. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark 

Examiners Journal, 23(4): 

1994a Falling Bullets: Terminal Velocities and Penetration Studies. A presentation before the IWBA Wound Ballistics Conference. 

1994b The Makarov Mixup: .380 Automatic in the 9X18mm Makarov – Exterior and Terminal Ballistic Characteristics. Association of Firearm and 


1995a American Lead-Free 9MM-P Cartridges. Assoication of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 27(2): 

1995b Falling Bullets: Terminal Velocities and Penetration Studies. IWBA Journal, 2(1): 

1995c Hardness as a Class Characteristic of Lead Bullets and Bullet Cores. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 27(1):77-81. 

1996a A New Tool in Studying Selected Exterior and Terminal Ballistic Events of Forensic Interest. AFTE Journal, 28(1):32-40. (also cited as, Exterior 

and Terminal Ballistic Events of Forensic Interest) 

1996b Phenyltrihydroxyfluorone: A 'New' Reagent for Use in Gunshot Residue Testing. AFTE Journal, 28(1): 

1996b Firearms Trajectory Analysis Manual, California Department of Justice. 

1997a 2-Nitroso-1-napthol vs. Dithiooxamide in Trace Copper Detection at Bullet Impact Sites. AFTE Journal, 29(2): 

1997b Bullet Penetration and Perforation of Sheet Metal. AFTE Journal, 29(4): 431-459. (also cited as pp. 431-441) 

1997c Firearms Trajectory Analysis Manual, California Department of Justice. 

1997d Extended Ballistic Properties of Some Law Enforcement 9mmP Cartridges. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 29(3): 

1997e The Forensic Applications of Oehler’s Model 43 Pesonal Ballistics Laboratory. A Presentation before the Association of Firearm and Toolmark 

Examiners Seminar, Annapolis, MD, July. 

1997f A Novel Silicon Rubber Extrusion Gun for Use in Toolmark and Firearms Examinations. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners 

Journal, 29(2):213-214. 

1998a Cartridge Case Ejection Patterns. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 30(2):300-302. 

1998b Some Forensic Aspects of Spherical Projectiles. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 30(1) 

1998c Firearms Trajectory Analysis Manual, California Department of Justice. 

2000a A Rapid Non-Destructive Method for Analysing and Comparing Bullet Lubricants. AFTE Journal, 32(2):143-153. 

2000b 'Drop-Fired' Cartridge. AFTE Journal, 32:352-353. 

2000c Drop-Fired or Fired and Dropped? AFTE Journal, 32:154-157. 

2000d Reference Ammunition for Gunshot Residue Testing. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 32(4):332-336. 

2001a The Sources of Lead in Gunshot Residues. AFTE Journal, 33(3):212-218. 

2001b Black Powder Substitutes: Their Physical and Chemical Properties and Performance. AFTE Journal, 33(4):313-325. 

2001c Some Basic Analytical Techniques for Unfired Primer Compositions. AFTE Journal, 33(4):313-325. 

2001d Reference Ammunition for Gunshot Residue Testing. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 32(4): 

2001e Base Deformation as an Index of Impact Velocity for Full Metal Jacketed Rifle Bullets. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 

33(1): 

2001f Design, Exterior and Terminal Ballistic Performance of 5.56 X 45mm SS109/M855 Bullets. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners 

Journal, 33(1): 

2002a The Sound of Bullets, AFTE Journal, 34(3):255-263. 

2002b Average Pellet-to-Pellet Distance for Estimating Range of Fire in Cases Involving Partial Pellet Patterns. AFTE Journal, 34(2):139-143. 

2002c The Exterior and Terminal Ballistics of 00 Buckshot, Part 1. AFTE Journal, 34(2):148-157. 

2002d The Forensic Uses of the Oehler Model 43 Personal Ballistics Laboratory System. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 

34(1): 

2002e Once Fired, Twice Fired, Thrice Fired, More? A Novel Method for Assessing the Number of Findings of Shotshells with Plastic Bodies. 

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2002f Balloting Bullets: Exterior and Wound Ballistics of Balloted Bullets, Physical Characteristics of Balloted Bullets and Associated Cartridge Cases. 

Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 34(4):375-378. 

2003a Projectile-Induced Mechanical and Thermal Effects in Fibers. Proceedings of the Third European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, 

September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):154-156. 

2003b Sound as Physical Evidence in a Shooting Incident. SWAFS Journal, 25(1):36-41. 

2003c Light and Sound as Physical Evidence in Shooting Incidents. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 35(3): 

2003d The Exterior and Terminal Ballistics of 00 Buckshot, Part 2. AFTE Journal, 35(1):148-157. 

2004a Sequence of Shots through Tempered Glass. AFTE Journal, 36(1):54-59. 

2004b Extreme Pressure During Discharge or Something Else. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 36(3):230-236. 

2005a Shooting Incident Reconstruction, Elsevier/Academic Press, Burlington, MA. 

(ISBN: 0-12-088473-9) 

2005b Physical Forms of Contemporary Small-Arms Propellants and Their Forensic Value. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 

26(1):5-10. 

2006 Shooting Incident Reconstruction. Elsevier, Burlington, MA. 

2007a Balloting for Bullets: Exterior and Wound Ballistics of Balloted Bullets Physical Characteristics of Balloted Bullets and Associated Cartridge 

Cases. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 34(4):375-378. 

2007b Muzzle Flash: Why Many See It and A Few Do Not. CAC News, Third Quarter, pp.33. 

2007c Muzzle Flash: Why Many See It and a Few Do Not. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 39(2):116-126. 

2008a Matching Cast Bullets to the Mould that Made them an Comparisons of Consecutively Manufactured Bullet Moulds. Association of Firearm and 


2008b The Lincoln Target Board. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 40(1):47-56. 

2008c The Exterior and Wound Ballistic Aspects of Billy Dixon's Long Shot and the Battle of Adobe Walls. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark 


2009a The Death of Huey Long, The Enigmatic Bullet and Other New Evidence of Historic Interest. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners 

Journal, 41(3):268-282. 

2009b Blackhorn 209 Propellant: A New Black Powder Substitute. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 41(1): 66-73. 

2009c Firearms Sound Leels and Measurements: An Impulse Sound Control Source for dB Measurements of Gunshots, Part I. Association of Firearm 

and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 41(4):349-356. 

2009d Was that a Gunshot”. A Presentation before the 40 th Annual Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Training Seminar, Miami, Florida, 

June. 

2010a Firearm Sound Level Measurements: A Study of Selected Parameters and Variables Part 2. AFTE Journal, 42(1):34-41. 

2010b Chemical and Instrumental Tests of Suspected Bullet Impact Sites. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(2):132-144. 

2010b Firearms Sound Level Measurements: Suppressed and Unsuppressed Firearms, Supersonic Bullets, and Comparable High Amplitude Impulse 

Souds Part 3. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(3):209-228. 

2010c Drywall: Terminal Ballistic Properties of Forensic Interest. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(3):229-252. 

Haag, L.C., and R. Bates 

2000 Preliminary Study to Evaluate the Deposition of GSR on Unfired Cartridges in the Adjacent Chambers of a Revolver. Association of Firearm 

and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 32(4): 

Haag, Lucien C., Aaron Brudenell, Torrey Johnson, and Idan Greenberg 

2009 Flash Suppressors for AR-15 Type Firearms. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 41(2):138-152. 

Haag, L.C., and I. Greenberg 

2000 Rates of Fire for Some Common Semi-Automatic and Full Automatic Firearms. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

32:252-258. 

Haag, Lucien C., and Michael G. Haag 

1997 The Exterior Ballistics of Contemporary Air Guns and BB Guns. CAC News, Fall:20-24. 

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2000a A Rapid Non-Destructive Method for Analyzing and Comparing Bullet Lubricants. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

32(2):143-153. 

2000b The Analysis and Comparison of Shotshell Buffers. AFTE Journal, 32(3):326-331. 

2009a On the Matter of Chronograph Calibration. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 41(1):4-23. 

Haag, Lucien C., Michael G. Haag, Lee Garrett, John Knell, and Mahesh Patel 

2009 Bore Lapping Compounds and Their Effect on Traditional Firearms Identification. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

41(3):232-245. 

Haag, Lucien C., and Alexander Jason 

2007 Muzzle Flash: One Witness Sees It, the Other Does Not. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 39(2):116-126. 

Haag, L.C., and J. Kokanovich 

1991 A Shot in the Dark: A Procedure for the Photographic Documentation of Firearm's Muzzle Flash. AFTE Journal, 23(4):910-918. 

Haag, Michael G. 

1997 2-Nitroso-1-Naphthol vs. Dithiooxamide in Trace Copper Detection at Bullet Impact Sites. AFTE Journal 29(2):204-209. 

2008 The Accuracy and Precision of Trajectory Measurements. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 40(2):145-182. 

Haag, M., K. DaVia, J. Foster, and C. Ross 

2002 Reconstructive Aspects of Bullet Jacket and Core Weights. AFTE Journal, 34:161-164. 

Haag, Michael, and Joe Foster 

2005 The Forensic Effects of Aftermarket Porting of a Glock Model 23. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 37(3):179-183. 

Haag, Michael G., and Tony Grissim 

2008 Technical Overview and Application of 3-D Laser Scanning for Shooting Reconstruction and Crime Scene Investigations. A Presentation before 

the 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 18-23, Washington, D.C. 

Haag, Michael, Kimberly Haag, and Carl Ross 

2006 Shotgun Pellet Patterning: Federal’s FLITECONTROL Law Enforcement Shotshell. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

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Haag, Michael, Jay Stuart, and Kim Haag 

2009 Ejection Patterning – Standard Testing and the Effects of Non-Standard Angles, Orientations, and Maneuvers. Association of Firearm and Tool 

Mark Examiners Journal, 41(2):111-129. 

Haag, M.G., and E.J. Wolberg 

1994 Shotgun Barrel Shortening Effects on Pellet Pattern, Velocity and Penetration. First IWBA Conference, March, Sacramento, CA. 

2000 The Scientific Examination and Comparison of Skin Smulants for Distance Determinations. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners 

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Hagström, A.L. 

1979 Trace Amounts of Lead and Bromine in Soot Studied by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(3):623-626. 

Hall, Earl E. 

1983 Bullet Markings from Consecutively Rifled Shilen DGA Barrels. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 15(1):33-53. 

Hamby, James E. 

1974 Identification of Projectiles. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 6(5/6):22 

1997 Firearms Reference Collections: Their Size, Composition and Use. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42:461- 

1999 The History of Firearm and Toolmark Identification. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Journal, 31(3):266-284. 

2001 Forensic Firearms Examination. PhD Dissertation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. 

2007 The Identification of Consecutively Rifled 9mm Pistol Barrels: A Pre-publication Update. A Presentation before the 38 th Association of Firearm 

and Toolmark Examiners Training Seminar, San Francisco, CA, May, 2007. 

2008 The Identification of Bullets Fired from 10 Consecutively Rifled RUGER 9mm Pistol Barrels – A Research Project Involving 460 Forensic 

Scientists from Laboratories in 18 Countries. A Presentation before the 18 th Triennial Meeting of the International Association of Forensic 

Sciences, New Orleans LA, July 

Hamby, James E., David J. Brundage, and James W. Thorpe 

2009 The Identification of Bullets Fired from Ten Consecutively Rifled Pistol Barrels: A Research Project Involving 507 Participants from 20 

Countries. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 41(2):99-110. 

Hamby, J.E., and J.W. Thorpe 

1999a A Historical Perspective of Firearms Reference Collections: Their Size, Composition and Uses. Association of Firearms and Toolmark 

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1999b The History of Firearm and Toolmark Identification. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 31(3):266-284. 

2001 Forensic Firearms Examination, PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. 

2008 The History of Firearm and Toolmark Identification. 

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2009 The Examination, Evaluation and Identification of 9mm Cartridge Cases Fired from 617 Different GLOCK Model 17 & 19 Semiautomatic 

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Haney, M.A., and J.F. Gallagher 

1975 Differentiation of Bullets by Spark Source Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 20(3): 

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2010 Trends in Converted Firearms in England and Wales as Identified by the National Firearms Forensic Intelligence Database NFFID Between 

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1975 A Bullet Core. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 7(2):98. 

Hardy, D.R., and J.J. Chera 

1979 Differentiation Between Single-Base and Double-Base Gunpowders. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(3):618-622. 

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1995 Analysis of Primer Residues from CCI Lead Free Ammunition by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray. Journal of Forensic 

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2005 Development of a Method to Produce Lead Particle Patterns. A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of 


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1959 Firearm Discharge Residues. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 4(2):184-199. (also cited as 12(1)) 

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1982 A Study of Shotgun Ricochet from Steel Surfaces. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 27(3):506-512. 

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1997 Accidental Firearm Fatality Involving a Hand-Crafted Pen Gun. Case Report. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 18(1):92- 

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2010 Self-Constructed Shooting Devices Utilizing Manually-Impacted Firing-Pins (Suicide Machines). American Journal of Forensic Medicine and 

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1990 Barium and Antimony Distribution on the Hands of Non-Shooters. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(5):1096-1114. 

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2008 Glock Barrel Interchangeability. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 40(4):343-347. 

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2005 The Effects of Firelapping on Forensic Handgun Identification. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 37(1):16-20. 

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2010 Identification of Production Toolmarks Inside Cartridge Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(4):335-346. 

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2010 Shooting Through Clothing in Firearm Suicides. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(3):652-654. 

Hernandez-Huertas, Minnelly 

2010 An Erroneous Head Stamp Impression. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(4):391-392. 

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2005 The Validation of Inkjet Paper for Use with the Modified Griess Test. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 37(3):213-223. 

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1995 Density Characterization of Armor Piercing Ammunition. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(3):401-405. 

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2003 Identification of Polygonal Barrel Sub-Family Characteristics. Association of Firearm and Toolamrk Examiners Journal, 35(2):197-200. 

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2008 Forensic Gunshot Residue Distance Determination Testing Using Identical Make and Model Handguns and Different Ammunitions. Dissertation. 

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1978 Pistols of the World. Presidio Press, San Rafael, CA. 

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2005 Lead Isotopes in Gunshot Residues. A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 


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2005 A Comparison of Smokeless Powders and Mixtures by Capillary Electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatogr A, 50(2):19. 

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2008 A Calculation of the Theoretical Significance of Matched Bullets. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(4):868-875. 

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2009 Trajectory Reconstruction Through Analysis of Trace Evidence in Bullet – Intermediate Target Interaction by SEM/EDX. Journal of Forensic 

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1983 Forensic Aspects of Shotshell Buffers. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 15(2):26-30 (also cited as volume 25) 

1993a Calculation of Trajectory Angles Using an Inexpensive Angle Gauge. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 25(3):231-233. 

1993b Gnshot Residue Testing of Blood Stained Garments. SWAFS Journal, 15:59. 

2003 Recognition and Documentation of Bullet Ricochet Characteristics and Predicting Shot Directionalities. SWAFS Journal, 25:35-45. 

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2009 A Comparison of Pellet Patterns for Standard and Tactical 00 Buckshot Loads. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

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2008 Moving into Harm's Way: The Analysis of a Less than Lethal Shooting Incident. A Presentation before the 60th Anniversary Meeting of the 


2010 Shooting Dynamics: Elements of Time and Movement in Shooting Incidents. Investigative Sciences Journal, 2(1):1-19 

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2008a Bullet Cannelures: Examining Their Usefulness to Link a Scene Bullet to a Suspect Box of Ammunition. Association of Firearms and Toolmark 


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2001 Brocock ME 38 Magnum Airweapon. A Conversion Worthy of Note. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 33(1):53-55. 


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1987 Bullet Trajectory Analysis. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 19(2):124-150. 

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2003 Some Samples of Weapons and Instruments Used as Weapons in Criminal Offences in Turkey. Forensic Science International, 132(2):113-116. 

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2009 Foreign Bodies: Three Cases of Projectile Maintenance without Complications. A Poster Presentation before the 61 st Annual Meeting of the 


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2005 Morphological Study of Class Characteristics Produced by Firing 2500 Cartridges in a .45 Caliber Semi-automatic Pistol. Association of Firearms 


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2010 The Influence of a Possible Contamination of the Victim’s Clothing by Gunpowder Residue on the Estimation of Shooting Distance. Forensic 


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1993 Sampling Procedures for Firearms and/or Explosives Residues. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 33(2):107-116. 

Wallace, J.S., and J. McQuillan 

1984 Discharge Residues from Cartridge Operated Industrial Tools. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(5):495-508. 

Walsh, Kevin A., Olivia Samson, Moana MacKenzie, and Chris Triggs 

2003 Shotgun Pellet Pattern Distributions and the Effects of Pellet Deformation. Proceedings of the Third European Academy of Forensic Science 


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1984 The Air Gun Book. Arms and Armour Press, London, UK. 

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2006 National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN). In Richard H. Walton, editor, Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative 


Ward, D.C. 

1982 Gunshot Residue Collection of Scanning Electron-Microscopy. Scan Electron Microsc, 3:1031-1036. 

Ward, M.E., S. Conradi, C.H. Lawrence, and K.B. Nolte 

1994 Inappropriate Use of .38 Special Ammunition in .30-30 Rifles. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(5):1175-1181. 

Ward, Michael S. 

2008 Circular Manufacturing Marks on Speer Factory GDHP Ammunition. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 40(3):312-314. 

Ward, Michael S., and Victoria Van Fleet 

2010 Manufacturing Marks on Speer Cartridges. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(4):397-398. 

Warlow, Tom A. 

1996 Firearms, the Law and Forensic Ballistics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

2000 The Criminal Re-activation of Firearms. Contact, 28:15-20. 

2004 The Criminal Reactivation of Firearms – The British Experience. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 36(3):8-15. 

2005 Firearms, the Law and Forensic Ballistics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

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2007 The Criminal Use of Improvised and Re-Activated Firearms in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Science and Justice, 47:111-119. 

Warniment, D. 

2003a An Elimination by the Numbers? – A Statistical Evaluation of Bunter Mark Significance. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners 

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2003b Brownsville Investigation – A Historical Case Comparison. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 34(4):375. 

Warren, G. 

1991 Simple Measurement of Angles of Elevation. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 23(3):869. 

Warushahennadi, Janaki, Brian J. Smelser, Richard T. Wyant, and Timothy L. Williams 

2010 Analysis of an Unusual Misfire of a Common Handgun. A Poster Presentation before the 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the American 


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1978 Shotgun Evidence. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 10(3) 

Watson, D.J. 

1979 Nitrites Examination in Propellant Powder Residue. AFTE Journal, 11(1):32 (also cited as volume 2) 

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2009 Extraction, Quantification, and Analysis of DNA from Spent Shell Casings. . A Presentation before the 61 st Annual Meeting of the Academy of 


Weber, Kent P., and Douglas D. Scott 

2006 Uncapped Potential: Applying Firearms Identification Procedures in the Analysis of Percussion Caps. Historical Archaeology, 40(3): 

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1984 Stud Guns Revisited: Report of a Suicide and Literature Review. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29(2):670-678. 

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2003 A Shot in the Light – Precise Bullet Replicas Take Aim at Crime-Fighting Standard. Science News, 163(2):23-25. 

Welch, Nelson E. (also cited as Welsh) 

1981 Matching a Bullet to a Cartridge Case. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 13(4):79-82. 

Welte, David A. 

2009 Lack of Rifling in a 25 Auto Caliber Semiautomatic Pistol. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 41(3):295-296. 

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2007 Detection of Gunpowder Stabilizers with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Forensic Science International, 166(2-3):91-101. 

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2009 Getting the Lead Out: Green Ammo, Ammo Makers are Loading Green Ammunition for Both Training and Duty Rounds. Law Enforcement 

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2009 Analysis of Organic Volatile Residues in 9mm Spent Cartridges. Forensic Science International, 186(1):29-35. 

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1945 Small Arms Design and Ballistics, Volume 1: Design. Small Arms Technical Publishing Company, Plantersville, SC. 

White R.S. and A.D. Owens 

1987 Automation of Gunshot Residue Detection and Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX). 


Wightman, G., J. Beard, and R. Allison 

2010 An Investigation into the Behaviour of Air Rifle Pellets in Ballistic Gel and Their Interaction with Bone. Forensic Science International, 200(1- 

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1977 Ballistic Science for the Law Enforcement Officer. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. 

Wilder, C.G. 

1983 Handgun Trigger Pull. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 4(3):207-208. 

Williams, Heather 

2009 Glock Firing Pin Alteration. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 41(1):74-76. 

Williams, Philip N. 

2008 Criteria for Identification of Gunshot Events from Video Imagery: A Case Study. A Presentation before the 60th Anniversary Meeting of the 


Williams, R., and K. Sellier 

1991 Shot Range Determination. Forensic Science Progress, Volume 6, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, NY. 

Wilson, R.K. 

1943 Testbook of Automatic Pistols, Small Arms Technical Publishing Company, Plantersville, SC. 

Wilson, R.K., and I.V. Hogg 

1975 Textbook of Automatic Pistols. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 

Wilson, J.D., J.D. Tebow, and K.W. Moline 

2003 Time Since Discharge of Shotgun Shells. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2003:48(6):1298-1301. 

Wissinger, C.E., and B.R. McCord 

2002 A Gradient Reversed Phase HPLC Procedure for Smokeless Powder Comparison. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(1):168-174. 

Wittig, M. 

1982 Protein Patterns of Keratins: The Probable Role in Forensic Hair Examination. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22:387-389. 

Wolslagel, P.F., and R. Gieszl 

1990 Armor Piercing Modifications of Handgun Ammunition. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 22(4):395-398. 

1208

Wolton, G.M., and R.S. Nesbitt (also cited as Wolten) 

1980 On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25(3):533-545 (also cited as volume 35) 

Wolton, G.M., R.S. Nesbitt, and A.R. Calloway 

1979 Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residues. III: Case Record. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(4):864-869. 

Wolton, G.M., R.S. Nesbitt, A.R. Calloway, G.L. Loper, and P.F. Jones 

1977 Final Report on Particle Analysis for Gunshot Residue Detection. AT-77(7915)-3, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA. 

Wolton, G.M., R.S. Nesbitt, A.R. Calloway, and G.L. Loper 

1979 Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue, II: Occupational and Environmental Particles. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(2):423- 

430. 

Wolton, G.M., R.S. Nesbitt, A.R. Calloway, G.L. Loper, and P.F.Jones 

1977 Final Report on Particle Analysis for Gunshot Residue Detection, ATR-77 (7915)-3, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segunde, California. 

1979 Particles Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue, I: Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Characterization of Hand 

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Wray, J.L., J.E. Mc Neil, and W.F. Rowe 

1983 Comparison of Methods for Estimating Range-of-Fire Based on the Spread of Buckshot Patterns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(4):846-857. 

Wright, Diana 

2003 Individuality and Reproducibility of Straie in Plastic Wad Components Fired from a Sawed-off Shotgun. Association of Firearms and Toolmark 


Wright, Diana M., Robert D. Koons, JoAnn Buscaglia, Heather L. Peters, and Marc A. LeBeau 

2005 Choosing a Statistical Method for the Data Assessment of the Compositional Analysis of Bullet Lead. A Presentation before the 57th Annual 


Wright, Diana M., and Marc A. LeBeau 

2005 The FBI Laboratory's Response to Recommendations Regarding Comparative Bullet Lead Analysis. A Presentation before the 57th Annual 


Wright, Diana M., Charles A. Peters, and Marc A. LeBeau 

2005 An Analytical Approach to Comparative Bullet Lead Analysis: Physical and Chemical Aspects of Discrimination. A Presentation before the 57th 


Wright, Diana M., and Michael A. Trimpe 

2006 Summary of the FBI Laboratory's Gunshot Residue Symposium, May 31 – June 3, 2005. Forensic Science Communications, July, 2006, 8(3):1- 

12. 

Wrobel. H.A., J.J. Millar, and M. Kijek 

1990 Identification of Ammunition from Gunshot Residues and Other Cartridge Related materials – A Preliminary Model Using .22 Caliber Rimfire 

Ammunition. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(2):324-328. 

1998 Comparison of Properties of Adhesive Tapes, Tabs and Liquids Used for the Collection of Gnshot Residue and Other Trace Materials for SEM 

Analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(1):178-181. 

Wu, Z, Y. Tong, J. Yu, X. Zhang, C. Yang, C. Pan, et al. 

2001 The Utilization of MS-MS Detection of GSRs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(3):495-501. 

Xie, F., S. Xiao, L. Blunt, W. Zeng, and X. Jiang 

2009 Automated Bullet-Identification System Based on Surface Topography Techniques. Wear, 266, (5-6):518-522. 

Xu, X., A.M. van de Craats, and P.C.A.M. de Bruyn 

2004 Highly Sensitive Screening Method for Nitroaromatic, Mitramine and Nitric Ester Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography- 

Atomic Pressure Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-API-MS) in Forensic Applications. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(6):1-10. 

Yacobi, Y. 

1998 Development of an Ultrasonic Method for Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers on Firearms. Proceedings of the Homicide Research 

Working Group 1997 and 1998, 

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Yilmaz, Riza, smail Birinciolu, E. Arslan, K. Yolcu, and C. Butun 

2005 Pen and Key Holder Guns – Three Cases. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Balkan Academy of Forensic Sciences; June 2-5, 2005, 

Constanta, Romania. Balkan Academy of Forensic Sciences, Official Publications of the Balkan Academy of Forensic Sciences, Constanta, 

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Yilmaz, Riza, smail Birinciolu, smail Çakir, Bülent Üner, Dinç Açikgöz, and Çetin Seçkin 

2007 Mole Guns in Turkey in 2003-2005. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(1):114-115. 

Yilmaz, Riza, smail Birinciolu, H. Bulent Uner, Zerrin Erkol, Celal Butun, Dinc Acikgoz, and Erkut R. Bulut 

2009 Handmade Guns in Trabzon, Turkey. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(4):881-883. 

1209

Yilmaz, Riza, smail Birinciolu, H. Bülent Üner, and Elif Günce 

2007 Pen Guns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(1):116-118. 

Yu, Jorn Chi Chung, and Brittney C. Gonzalez 

2009a Detection of Molecular Markers for the Identification of Gunshot Residues by Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography/Nitrogen 

Phosphorous Detector. A Presentation before the 61 st Annual Meeting of the Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 16-21, Denver, Colorado. 

2009b Optimization of Solid Phase Micro Extraction – Gas Chromatography/Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector (SPME-GC/NPD) for the Detection of 

Methyl Centralite and Ethyl Centralite from Gun Shot Residues. A Poster Presentation before the 61 st Annual Meeting of the Academy of 


Zeichner, Arie 

2001 Is There a Real Danger of Concealing Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles by Skin Debris Using the Tape-Lift Method for Sampling GSR from 

Hands? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(6):1447-55. 

2003 Recent Developments in Methods of Chemical Analysis in Investigations of Firearm-Related Events. Anal Bioanal Chem, 376:1178-1191. 

Zeichner, A., S. Ehrlich, E. Shoshani, and L. Halicz 


Zeichner, Arie, and Baruch Eldar 

2004 A Novel Method for Extraction and Analysis of Gunpowder Residues on Double-Side Adhesive Coated Stubs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

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Zeichner, Arie, Baruch Eldar, Baruch Glattstein, Avi Koffman, Tsippy Tamiri, and Dan Muller 

2003 Vacuum Collection of Gunpowder Residues from Clothing Worn by Shooting Suspects, and Their Analysis by GC/TEA, IMS, and GC/MS. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(5):961-972 

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2003 Vacuum Collection of Gunpowder Residues from Clothing Worn by Shooting Suspects and their Analysis by GC/TEA, IMS, and GC/MS. 


Zeichner, A., S/ Ehrlich, E. Shoshani, and L. Halicz 


Zeichner, A., H.A. Foner, M. Dvorachek, and P. Bergman, and N. Levin 

1989 Concentration Techniques for the Detection of Gunshot Residues by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis 

(SEM/EDX). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(2):528-536. 

Zeichner, A., and B. Glattstein 

2002 Recent Developments in the Methods of Estimating Shooting Distance. Journal of World Science, 2:573-585. 

Zeichner, A. and N. Levin 

1993 Collection Efficiency of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles from Hair and Hands Using Double-Side Adhesive Tape. Journal of Forensic Science, 

38(3):571-584. 

1995 Casework Experience of GSR Detection in Israel, on Samples from Hands, Hair, and Clothing Using an Autosearch SEM/EDX System. Journal 


1997 More on the Uniqueness of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(6):1027-1028. 

Zeichner, A., N. Levin, and M. Dvorachek 

1992 Gunshot Residue Particles Formed by Using Ammunitions That Have Mercury Fulminate Based Primers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

37(6):1556-1562. 

Zeichner, A., N. Levin, and E. Springer 

1991 Gunshot Residue Particles Formed by Using Different Types of Ammunition in the Same Firearm. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(4):1020- 

1026. 

Zeldes, I. 

1981 Laser Beam: A New Tool for the Firearms Examiner. Assocication of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 13(4):21-24. 

Zhao, Mengxia, Sichun Zhang, Chengdui Yang, Yucai Xu, Yuxiu Wen, Lianshan Sun, and Xinrong Zhang 

2008 Desorption Electrospray Tandem MS (DESI-MSMS) Analysis of Methyl Centralite and Ethyl Centralite as Gunshot Residue on Skin and Other 

Surfaces. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(4):807-811. 

1210

General Tool Mark Evidence 

Tool Marks left in the wall of a clandestine grave and the instrument which made them 

1211


Aberg, F.A. and H.C. Bowen 

1960 Ploughing Experiments with a Reconstructed Donner Upland Ard. Antiquity, 34: 144-147. 

Adelman, H.C., P.C. Peterson, and L.J. Sorger 

1988 Identification of Wooden Instrument by Scanning Electron Microscopy from Splinters Left in Victim. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 33(3):787- 

796. 

AFTE Committee for the Advancement of the Science of Firearm and Tool Mark Identification 

2008 The Response of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners to the National Academy of Sciences 2008 Report Assessing the 

Feasibility, Accuracy, and Technical Capability of a National Ballistics Database August 20, 2008. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark 


2009 The Response of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners to the February 2009 National Academy of Science Report 

"Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward" June 22, 2009. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

41(3):204-208. 

Agron, N., and B. Schecter 

1986 Physical Comparisons and Some Characteristics of Electrical Tape. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 18(3):53-59. 

Ahlhorn, T., H. Katterwe, M. Braune, G. Schreck, and F. Drews 

1999 Computerized Comparison of Toolmarks. An abstract for the Third Annual Meeting of the SPTM, Sweden. 

Andahl, R.O. 

1978 The Examination of Sawmarks. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 18:31-46. (also cited as Journal of the Forensic Sciences) 

Anonymous 

1980a FBI Laboratory Makes Tool Mark Examinations. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 

September, 1950 (Revised 6-80). 

1983 Mikrosil Casting material Information. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiner Journal, 15(2):80-82. 

1984 Toolmark Evidence Collection, Physical Evidence Bulletin. California Department of Justice, Bureau of Forensic Services, Sacramento, CA. 

1991 California Department of Justice Firearms/Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus, Module 7 - Professionalism. Reprinted in Association of 

Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 23:543-613. 

1998 Theory of Identification as it Relates to Toolmarks. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 30(1):86-88. 

Argon, N., and B. Schecter 

1986 Physical Comparisons and Some Characteristics of Electrical Tape. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 18(3):53-59. 

Arrowood, Michael C., and James S. Berglund 

1983 Examination of Toolmarks from a Hit and Run. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 15(2):100-101. 

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners 

2010 AFTE Response to the NACDL Task Force on the Future of Forensic Science. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

42(2):102-107. 

Bachrach, Benjamin, Anurag Jain, Sung Jung, and Robert Koons 

2010 A Statistical Validation of the Individuality and Repeatability of Striated Tool Marks: Screwdivers and Tongue and Groove Pliers. Journal of 


Bailey, James A., and Kathleen T. Blue 

2009 X-Ray Enhancement of Knifepoint Profiles. Journal of Forensic Identification, 59(4):363-371. 

Bailey, T. 

1986 What’s to Know About Files. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 18(4):105-110. 

Baldwin, D., J. Birkett, and B. Gibbins 

1995 Tool Mark and Shoe Mark Evidence. MPFSL, 23:52-60. 

Baldwin, D., M. Morris, S. Bajic, Z. Zhou, and M.J. Kreiser 

2004 Statistical Tools for Forensic Analysis of Tool Marks. Ames Laboratory Technical Report, IS-5160, Ames, IA 

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Baldwin, David, Max Morris, Zhigang Zhou, and Stan Bajic 

2004 Statistical Tools for Forensic Analysis of Toolmarks. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of 


Berx, Veerle, and Jan De Kinder 

2001 3D Measurements on Extrusion Marks in Plastic Bags. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners (SPTM), May 

15-18, Berlin, Germany. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 7(2):19. 

1212

2003 Laser Profilometry: The Missing Link in the Examination of Polyethylene Bags? Abstract, A Presentation at the Third European Academy of 

Forensic Science (EAFS) Meeting. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 9(3):22-25. 

Biasotti, A.A., and J. Murdock 

1984 Criteria for Identification or State of the Art of Firearm and Tool Mark Identification. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

16(4):16-34. 

1997 Firearms and Toolmark Identification. In D.L. Faigman, D.K. Kaye, M.J. Saks, and J. Sanders, editors, Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law 

and Science of Expert Testimony, Volume 2. West, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp:124-155. 

Bonfanti, M.S., and J. De Kinder 

1999 The Influence of Manufacturing Processes on the Identification of Bullets and Cartridge Cases: A Review of the Literature. Science and Justice, 

39(1):3-10. 

Bonfanti, M., A. Vicario, C. Gallusser, C. Baur, and P. Margot 

1995 Development of a 3-D Automatic Comparison System for Toolmarks. Abstract, European Meeting for SP/TM Examiners, Finland. 

Bonte, Wolfgang 

1975 Tool Marks in Bones and Cartilage. Journal of Forensic Science, 20(2): 315-325. 

Brackett, J.W. 

1965 A Study of Idealized Striated Marks and Their Comparisons Using Models, A Paper presented at the 26th Seminar of the CAC. 

1970 A Study of Idealized Striated Marks and Their Comparisons Using Models, Forensic Science Society Journal, 10(1): 27-56. 

Bradley, M., et al. 

2006 A Validation Study for Duct Tape End Matches. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(3):504-508. 

Braune, Michael, Aline Körschgen, and Marcel Barten 

2001 Investigation on the Frequency of Use of mechanically Copied Car Keys, Part II. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark 


Breitenecker, R., and W. Senior 

1967 Shotgun Patterns: An Experimental Study on the Influence of Intermediate Targets. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 12(2):193-204. 

Breitmeier, U., and H. Schmid 

1997 Lasercomp: A Surface Measurement System for Forensic Applications. Forensic Science International, 89(1-2):1-13. 

Brundage, David 

1994 Dip-Pak Thermo-Plastic. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 26(4):307-308. 

Brundridge, D. (also cited as Brundage) 

1998 The Identification of Consecutively Rifled Gun Barrels. AFTE Journal, 30(3):438-444. 

Bunch, S. 

2000 Consecutive Matching Striation Criteria: A General Critique, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45:955-962. 

Burd, David Q., and Allen E. Gilmore 

1968 Individual and Class Characteristics of Tools. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 13(3):390-396. 

Burd, D.Q. and R.S. Greene 

1948 Toolmark Comparisons in Criminal Investigations, American Journal of Police Science, 39:379-391. 

Burd, D.Q. and P.L. Kirk 

1942 Toolmarks - Factors Involved in Their Comparison and Use as Evidence, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 32(6): 679- 

686. 

Burger, Herbert 

1977 Possibilities of Determining the Person Steering a Surface-Craft or an Aircraft... Forensic Science, Number 9: 

Burrard, Major Sir G. 

1934 The Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics. Herbert Jenkins, London, UK. 

Butcher, Shirley J. and P.D. Pugh 

1975 A Study of Marks Made by Bolt Cutters. Journal of Forensic Science Society, 15(2): 115-126. 

Byrd, Mike 

2000 Other Impression Evidence. 

http://police2.ucredu/otherimpressionevidence.html 

Byron, D. 

1982 The Official Guide to Gunmarks. The House of Collectables, Orlando, FL. 

Carlson, Carl J. 

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1983 Use of Coe-Flex for Test Toolmarks. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 15(2):87. 

Carlsson, Kjell 

2001 Extrusion Marks in Plastic Bags. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners (SPTM), May 15-18, Berlin, 

Germany. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 7(2):18. 

Carroll, J. 

2001 An Evaluation of Various Griess and Modified Griess Test Protocols. AFTE Journal, 33(1):29-36. 

Cassidy, F. H. 

1980 Examination of Toolmarks from Sequentially Manufactured Tongue and Groove Pliers. Journal of Forensic Science, 25(4): 796-809. 

1996 New Colours of 'Mikrosil' Casting Rubber Help in Toolmark Identification. Tieline, 20(2):15-18. 

1997 Bolt Cutter Tool Marks. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 29(4):484-486. 

Castle, D.A., C.J. Curry, and L.W. Russell 

1984 A Survey of Case Openers. Forensic Science International, 24:285-194. 

Catterick T., and M.C. Taylor 

1987 A Photometric Method for the Quantitative Mapping of Parallel Striated Marks. Forensic Science International, 33:197-207. 


1978 Lee Industries Model NP401 Nose (Lock) Puller. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 10(2):63. 

Champod, C., D. Baldwin, F. Taroni, and J.S. Buckleton 

2003 Firearm and Tool Marks: The Bayesian Approach. AFTE Journal, 35(3):307-316. 

Champod, Christophe, and Graham Jackson 

2002 Comments on the Current Debate on the Bayesian Approach in Marks Examinations. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners 

Bulletin, 8(3):21-24. 

Christophe, Deion P. (also cited as Christophe, D.P., and C. Daniels) 

2008 An Unusual Technique for Physical Match Comparison. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 40(4):396-398. 

Chumbley, L.Scott 

2008 Statistical Analysis of Toolmark Striations. A Presentation before the 39 th Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Training Seminar, 

June, Honolulu, HI. 

Chumbley, L. Scott, and Lawrence Genalo 

2004 Quantitative Characterization of Tool Marks for Comparative Identification. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American 


Chumbley, L. Scott, Max D. Morris, M. James Kreiser, Charles Fisher, Jeremy Craft, Lawrence J. Genalo, Stephen Davis, David Faden, and Julie Kidd 

2010 Validation of Tool Mark Comparisons Obtained Using a Quantitative, Comparative, Statistical Algorithm. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

55(4):953-961. 

Claytor, Lauren K., and Ann L. Davis 

2010 A Validation of Fracture Matching Through the Microscopic Examnation of the Fractured Surfaces of Hacksaw Blades. Association of Firearm 


Clow, Charles M. 

2005 Cartilage Stabbing with Consecutively Manufactured Knives: A Response to Ramirez v. State of Florida. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark 


Cochrane, D.W. 

1985 Class Characteristics of Cutting Tools and Surface Designations. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 17(3):73-82. 

Coffman, B.C. 

2003 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Production Tooling and Repeatable Characteristics on Ten Remington 870 Production Run Breech Bolts. 

AFTE Journal, 35(1):49-54. 

Collins, E. R. 

2004 How 'Unique' are Impressed Toolmarks? An Empirical Study of 20 Worn Hammer Faces. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners 

Journal, 37(4):252-295. 

Collins, J.M. 

1998a The Language of Toolmarks, Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 30(1):82-85. 

1998b Wire Nails and Their Forensic Significance. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 30(4):614-628. 

1999 Modern Marking and Serial Numbering Methods. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 31(3):309-317. 

Cook, Claude W. 

1979 The Firearms/Toolmark Investigator (An Excursion into the Realm of the Weird and Wonderful). Association of Firearms Toolmark Examiners 

1214

Journal, 11(3):35-43. 

Cowles, D.L., and J.K. Dodge 

1948 A Method for Comparison of Toolmarks. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 39:262-264. 

Curwen, E., and E.C. Curwen 

1926 The Efficiency of the Scapula as a Shovel. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 67: 139-145. 

Davies, D. 

1996 A Case Involving a Drill Bit with an Unusual Profile. Abstract, FSS Note, No. 4:1-2. 

Davis, J.E. 

1958a An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. 

1958b Striated Tool Marks. In J.E. Davis, editor, An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL. 

Davis, R.J. 

1981 An Intelligence Approach to Footwear Marks and Toolmarks. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 21:183-193. 

Dean, William L. 

1987 A Case Involving the Physical Matching of Telephone Wires. Abstract for the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Vancouver, 

Canada. 

Deinet, W. 

1981 Studies of Models of Striated Marks Generated by a Random Process, Journal of Forensic Sciences 26(1): 35-50. (also cited as page 16) 

Deinet, W., and H. Katterwe 

1983 The Application of Probability Theory Models on the Comparison of Striations. Proceedings of the Scandinavian Conference on Forensic 

Science. Linköping, Sweden, pp.89-94. 

Deschênes, A. Chaltchi, G. Desjardins, C. Desrochers, J. Dion, R. Gaulin, et al. 

1995 Statistics and Toolmarks Comparisons. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 27(2):140-141. 

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2000 Serial Number Restoration in Plastic Using a Heat Gun. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 32(4):367 

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1986 Identifiction of a Knife Wound in Bone. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 18(4):72-75. 

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1981 Examination of Stapler Toolmarks. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 13(4):76. 

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1980 About the Appearance of Clues or Marks from Knife Blades. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 12:16-28. 

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1937 Techniques Used in Tracing the Lindbergh Kidnapping Ladder. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 27:712-724. 

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2009 Toolmarks in Bone: Continuing Reseaerch with Consecutively Made Knife Blades. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 

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1978 Two Interesting and Unusual Tool Mark Cases. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 10(2):57-58. 

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2008 A Simple Method for Examining Deep Toolmarks Using the Scanning Electron Microscope. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners 

Journal, 40(4):327-337. 

Rao, Valerie J., and Robert Hart 

1983 Tool Mark Determination in Cartilage of Stabbing Victim. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(3):794-799. 

Rathman, Garry A. 

1992 Tires and Toolmarks. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 24(2):146-159. 

Rees, P.O. and K.R. Cundy 

1969 A Method for the Comparison of Tool Marks and Other Surface Irregularities, Forensic Science Society Journal, 9:153-155. 

Reitz, J. 

1975 An Unusual Toolmark Identification Case. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 7(3): 40-43. 

Richert, Katherine and Joseph Saloom 

2003 Knife-Blade Toolmark Stabbing Study in Response to Ramirez vs. State of Florida. A Presentation before the Association of Firearm and Tool 

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Roberts, V. 

1981 Restoration of Serial Numbers in Plastic. AFTE Journal, 13(4):40 

Rosati, C. 

2000 Examination of Four Consecutively Manufactured Bunter Tools, Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 32(1):49-50. 

Rots, V. 

2002 Hafting Traces on Flint Tools: Possibilities and Limitations of macro- and Microscopic Approaches. PhD Thesis, Katholeike Universiteit, 

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2003 Firearm and Tool Mark Examinations. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and 

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2003 A Macroscopic and Microscopic Study Identifying Diagnostic Sigantures from Household Tools with an Emphasis on the Identification 

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1997 Prehistoric Woodworking: The Analysis and Interpretation of Boronze and Iron Age Toolmarks. Institute of Archaeology, London, UK. 

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1995 The Determination of the Damaging Agent from Marks in Clothing. A Presentation before the European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark 

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1994 The Introduction of Wheel Cutting as a Technique for Engraving Cylinder Seals: Its Distinction from Filing. IRAQ, 56:153-166. 

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2004 The Identification of Carving Techniques on Chinese Jade. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(10):1413-1428. 

Sax, M., J. McNabb, and N.D. Meeks 

1998 Methods of Engraving Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals: Experimental Confirmation. Archaeometry, 40:1-21. 

Schreck, Gerhard 

2001 Computerised Comparison of Toolmarks by the PAMIR System. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners 


Schubert, Keith D. 

1985 Toolmarks Link Bomb Components with Suspects. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 17(2):122-123. 

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2010 Theory of Tool Mark Identification. A Presentation before the 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 


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1988 Tool Marks Comparison of a Wire Cut Ends by Scanning Electron Microscopy - A Forensic Study. Forensic Science International, 36:21-29. 

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2000 Persistent Lipsticks and Their Lip Prints: New Hidden Evidence at the Crime Scene. Forensic Science International, 112(1):41. 

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2001 Evaluation of Several Toolmarks Casting Materials – Preliminary Results. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark 


Sevigny, Dana B. 

2010 Examination of Toolmarks Produced by Files. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(2):179- 

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1984 Identification of Wires and the Cutting Tool by Scanning Electron Microscope. Forensic Science International, 26:115-121. 

Springer, E. 

1995 Toolmark Examinations – A Review of Its Development in the Literature. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(6): 

2001 Toolmark Examinations – A Review of Its Development in the Literature. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 33(3): 

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2010 Raising the Numbers Restoring Altered VINs or Serial Numbers. Evidence Technology Magazine, 8(5):26-27. 

Stone, I.C. 

1988 Fingernail Striations: An Unusual Toolmark, Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 20:391- 

Stone, R. 

2004 A Probabilistic Model of Fractures in Brittle Metals. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 36(4):297-301. 

Stone, R.S. 

2003 How Unique Are Impressed Toolmarks? The Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 35(4):376-383. 

Stoney, D. 

1991 What Made Us Think We Could Individualize Using Statistics? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2):197-199. 

Stowell, L.I., and K.A. Card 

1990 Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to Identify Cuts and Tears in a Nylon Fabric. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35:947-950. 

Streine, Kevin M. 

2010 Striated Marks Encountered While Attempting A Physical Fracture Match. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(3):293- 

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1981 Physical Fit – Public Utility Wire. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 13(4):48-49. 

Swanepoel, Jaco 

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2007 Physical Matching as Duties of a Firearms and Toolmark Examiner. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 39(3):215-226. 

Symes, Steven A. 

1999 Sharp Trauma on Human Bone and Cartilage. A Presentation before the Masters 8 Conference for Advanced Death Investigation, Division of 

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Taupin, J.M. 

1998a Damage to a Wire Security Screen: Adapting the Priniciples of Clothing Damage Analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(4):897-900. 

1998b Testing Conflicting Scenarios: A Role for Simulation Experiments in Damage Analysis of Clothing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(4):891-896. 

1998c Arrow Damage to Textiles: Analysis of Clothing and Bedding in Two Cases of Crossbow Deaths. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(1):205-207. 

1999 Comparing the Alleged Weapon with Damage Clothing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(1):205-207. 

Taroni, F., C. Champod, and P. Margot 

1996 Statistics: A Future in Toolmarks Comparison? Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners, 28(4):222-229. 

Templin, R.H. 

1980 A Safe Tool Mark. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 12:20. 

Tsach, T., S. Weiner, and Y. Shor 

2007 Empirical Proof of Physical Match: Systematic Research with Tensile Machine. Forensic Science International, 166:77-83. 

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1988 Individual Characteristics Criteria. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 30(2):276-279. 

2004a Two Dimensional versus Three Dimensional. Abstract, Annual Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) Anniversary Training 

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2003 Knife Identification Project (KIP). Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 35(4):366-370. 


1976 The Mechanism of the Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers by Acid Etching. Journal of Forensic Science Society, 16:69-71. 

Tiong-Whei, Yap Angeline, Lim Thiam-Bon, Chong Pui-San, and Tay Ming-Kiong Michael 

2002 Cut Characteristics of an Optical Fibre Cabel by Different Tools. Abstract, Presentation before the 87th International Educational Conference of 

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Tobias, Marc Weber 

2001 Identification of Suspects and Location from Keys. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners (SPTM), May 15- 

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Tomasetti, K.A. 

2002 Analysis of the Essential Aspects of Striated Tool Mark Examinations and the Methods for Identification. AFTE Journal, 34(1): 

Townshend, D.G. 

1976a Photographing and Casting Toolmarks. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, April, pp.9-11. 

1976b Identification of Fracture Marks. Association of Firearm and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 8(2):74-75. 

Treptow, R.S. 

1978 Handbook of Methods for the Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Grant NSG-30303, 

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2007 Empirical Proof of Physical Match: Systematic Research with Tensile Machine. Forensic Science International, 166:77-83. 

Tuira, Y. 

1982 Tire Stabbing with Consecutively Manufactured Knives, Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 14(1):50-52. 

Tulleners, Frederic A., Ka Lok Chan, and You-Lo Hsieh 

2010 The Statistical Evaluation of Duct Tape Fracture Match as Physical Evidence. A Presentation before the 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the 


Tulleners, F.A., and D.A. Stoney 

1999 An Analysis of Consecutive Matching Straie on Chisel Marks. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic 

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Turley, M.D. 

1987 Restoration of Stamp Marks on Steel Components by Etching and Magnetic Techniques. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(3):640-645. 

Uchiyama, T. 

1988 A Criterion for Land Mark Identification, Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 20(3):236-251. 

1992 The Probability of Corresponding Striae in Toolmarks, Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 24(3): 273-290. (also cited as 

24(4):273-281) 

Ukpabi, P., and W. Pelton 

1995 Using the Scanning Electron Microscope to Identify the Cause of Fibre Damage part I: A Review of Related Literature. Journal of the Canadian 

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1984 Research Report on Tool Mark Evidence. Identification News, 34(11): 

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2005 Gunshot Residues of Blank Cartridge Gun. Trace Elem Electrolytes, 22(4):268-271. 

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2001 Examination/ Comparison of Plastic, Transparent Bags. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners (SPTM), May 


Vanderkolk, J.R. 



Van Dijk, T.M. 

1985 Steel Marking Stamps – Their Individuality at the Time of Manufacture. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 25(4):243-253. 

Vandiver, J. 

1976 New Screwdrivers Production and Identification. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 8(1):29. 

Verbeke, D.J. 

1975 An Indirect Identification. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 7(1):18-19. 

Versailles, J. 

1971 Toolmarks: Striated versus Impressed. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 3:13. 

1973 Toolmarks on Painted Metal. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 5:22. 

Voorhees, Raymond S. 

2001 Marks Examinations Support Bombing Investigations. An Abstract, Fourth European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners (SPTM), May 


Wade, Colleen 

1997 Firearms and Toolmark Database. Abstract, American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting, New York, NY. 

Wagoner, A. 

1999 Griffin's Reagent for Serial Number Restoration in Stainless Steel. AFTE Journal, 31(4):497. 

Walker, P., and J. Long 

1997 An Experimental Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Tool Marks. American Antiquity, 42(4):605-616. 

Walsh, K., T. Gummer, and J. Buckleton 

1994 Matching Vehicle Parts Back to the Vehicle. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 26(4):287-289. 

Walsh, Kevan, and Angus Newton 

2003 The Individualization of Tool Marks Made by a Chainsaw in Wood. Abstract, A Presentation at the Third European Academy of Forensic 

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Warren, Gaylon 

1991a New System for Toolmark Identification, Electronic Imaging, Recording, and Comparison, Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners 

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1991b Glass Cutter Impression Identification. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 23(4): 925-927. 

Watson, D. 

1978a The Identification of Toolmarks Produced from Consecutively Manufactured Knife Blades in Soft Plastics. Association of Firearms and Tool 

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1978b The Identification of Consecutively Manufactured Crimping Dies. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 10:43-45. 

Weber, Matthias, and Bert Weimer 

2009 Analysis of the Marking Process Using the Finite Element Method. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiner Journal, 41(2):167-175. 

1225

Weimer, Bert 

2008 Physical Match of Adhesive PVC-Tapes: Improvement of the Conclusiveness by Heat Treatment. Association of Firearm and Toolmark 

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Weimar, Bert, Aline Korschgen, and Michael Braune 

2010 Physical Match Examination of the Joint Faces of Adhesive PVC-Tapes. Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 42(3):271- 

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1975a An Unusual Toolmark Case, Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 7(1):19. 

1975b Ultraviolet Fluorescence and a Physical Match. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 7(2):105-106. 

Wilson, C.M. 

1938 The Comparison and Identification of Wire in a Coal Mine Bombing Case. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 28:873-892. 

Zeldes, Ilya 

1979 Firearms and Tool Marks Examinations in the USSR. Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners Journal, 11:51-56. 

1989 Footwear and Tire Track Examination in the Soviet Union. Journal of Forensic Identification, 39(6):367-374. 

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1995 Some new Developments in Products for Toolmark Casting, Shoeprint Lifting and Photographing. In European Meeting for SP/TM Examiners, 

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Miscellaneous Trace Evidence 

References in this section, like fingerprints, ballistics, and blood evidence, are most often thought of in 

traditional criminalistics or police sciences. Some of the references below date to the early days of forensics and 

criminalistics. This section is included because it represents one of the six areas comprising Geotaphonomy: 

1226

Stratification, Tool Marks, Bioturbation, Sedimentation, Compression/Depression (foot and shoe prints), and Internal 

Compaction. In addition to the recovery and interpretation of impression evidence, other trace evidence which might be 

found on surface and subsurface death scenes are cited. Entomological and botanical evidence also constitute trace items 

left or taken from crime scenes. Because of the number of works referencing those topics, they are addressed in respective 

sections in this bibliography. Some citations in this section could also be cross-referenced with those in Taphonomy 

given their discussion of the detioration, or decomposition of hairs and fibers among victims' remains or contamination of 

impression evidence through prolonged exposure at crime scenes. 

When this compiler first became interested in forensic science, one of the first references he read, and 

which most influenced subsequent processing of scenes and research, was Crime Investigation by Paul Kirk (1974). In that 

paper the words of Kirk serve as the foundation for collecting trace evidence at any scene regardless its age or condition: 

"Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as 

silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his foot prints, but his hair, the fibers from 

his clothing, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or 

semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more bear mute witness against him. This 

evidence does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent 

because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Pysical evidence cannot be wrong. It cannot 

perure itself. It cannot be wholly absent. Only its interpretation can err. Only human failure to 

fint it, study and understand it, can diminish its value." 

Beginning with this edition of the Bibliography, Shoe and Tire Impression Evidence has been taken out of this section as a 

subcategory and made a section of its own. 

Fecal or Coprolite Evidence 


Fecal or Coprolite Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228 

Hair and Feather Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233 

Fiber and Textile Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261 

Other Trace Evidence Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1280 

Left with a paucity of biological evidence, archaeologists are trained to recognize, and paleobiologists have 

developed expertise in examining the content of, animal waste. Feces, in more recent settings and as coprolites in their 

1227

fossilized forms, are often encountered at crime scenes but just as often not recognized for the forensic value. Death scenes 

involving scavenged remains should automatically be examined for scat. They may contain missing skeletal elements, 

jewelry, or other evidence associated with the incident. The presence of human feces withn a crime scene hopefully is not the 

result of scavenging but more likely physical evacuation from the victim ante- or perimortem, or perhaps the product of a 

psychologically motivated act by the perpetrator(s). As with most categories of evidence, the context of such a “message” 

left by a suspect might be the topic of citations contained in the sections entitled Criminal and Cultural Behavior or 

General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation Topics. 


Allison, M.J., T. Bergman, and E. Gerszten 

1999 Further Studies on Fecal Parasites in Antiquity. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 112:605-609. 

Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr. 

1974a The Role of Coprolite Analysis in Archaeology. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society, 45:1-28. 

Bryant, Vaughn M., Jr., and Glenna Williams-Dean 

1975 The coprolites of man. Scientific American, 232(1): 100-109. 

Byard, Roger W. 

2001 Coprophagic Café Coronary. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 22(1):96-99. 

Byrne, D.R. 

1973 Prehistoric Coprolites. Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis. University of Aukland, Auckland, New Zealand. 

Buckland, W. 

1829 On the Discovery of Coprolites, or Fossil Fæces, in the Lias at Lyme Regis, and in Other Formations. Transactions of Geological Society of 

London, Series, II, 3:223-236. 

Bull, I.D., M.J. Lockheart, M.M. Elhmmali, D.J. Roberts, and R.P. Evershed 

2002 The Origin of Faeces by Means of Biomarker Detection. Environment International, 27(8):647-654. 

Cahill, J., K. Reinhard, D. Tarler, and P. Warnock 

1991 It Had to Happen: Scientists Examine Remains of Ancient Bathroom. Biblical Archaeological Review, 17(3):64-69. 

Callen, E.O. 

1967 Analysis of the Tehuacan Coprolites. In D.S. Byers, editor, The Prehistory of Tehuacan Valley, Volume 1: Environment and Subsistence, 

University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. pp:261-289. 

Callen, E.O., and T.W.M. Cameron 

1960 A Prehistoric Diet Revealed in Coprolites. The New Scientist, 8:35-40. 

Canti, M.G. 

1997 An Investigation of Microscopic Calcareous Spherulites from Herbivore Dungs. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24:219-231. 

1998 The Micromorphological Identification of Faecal Spherulites from Archaeological and Modern Materials. Journal of Archaeological Science, 

25:435-444. 

1999 The Production and Preservation of Faecal Spherulites: Animals, Environment and Taphonomy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26:251-258. 

Dauphin, Yannicke, Peter Andrews, Christiane Denys, Yolanda Fernández-Jalvo, and Terry Williams 

2003 Structural and Chemical Bone Modifications in a Modern Owl Pellet Assemblage from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Taphonomy, 1(4): 

Dean, G. 

2004 Radiocarbon Dating of Human Coprolites from Hinds Cave, Val Verde County, Texas: A Report to the Friends of the Texas Historical 

Commission. Unpublished Report. 

2006 The Science of Coprolite Analysis: The View from Hinds Cave. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 237(1):67-69. 

Dodson, P., and D. Wexlar 

1979 Taphonomic Investigations of Owl Pellets. Paleobiology, 5:275-284. 

Dunn, F.L., and R. Watkins 

1970 Parasitological Examinations of Prehistoric Human Coprolites from Lovelock Cave, Nevada. in Archaeology and the Prehistoric Great Basin 

Lacustrine Subsistence Regime as Seen from Lovelock Cave, Nevada, Contributrions, University of California Archaeological Studies. 

Faulkner, Charles T. 

1989 Analysis of Desiccated Human Paleofeces from Bid Bone Cave (40VB103), Van Buren County, Tennessee, Unpublished Masters Thesis. 

Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 

1991 Prehistoric Diet and Parasitic Infection in Tennessee: Evidence from the Analysis of Desiccated Human Paleofeces. American Antiquity, 56(4): 

687-700. 

1228

Fernández Rodriguez, C., P. Ramil Rego, and A. Martínez Cortizas 

1995 Characterization and Depositional Evolution of Hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) Coprolites from La Valiña Cave (Northwest Spain). Journal of 


Ferreira, L.F., A. Araujo, U. Confalonieri, and J.M. Dias de Lima 

1989 Trichuris trichiura Eggs in Human Coprolites from the Archaeological Site of "Furna do Estrago", Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco, Brazil. 

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84:581. 

Fong, W., and S.H. Inami 

1988 Simple, Rapid, and Unique Hand Techniques for Cross-Sectioning Fibers and Hair. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 33(2): 

Foran, D., K. Crooks, and S. Minta 

1997 Species Identification from Scat: An Unambiguous Gentic Method. Wildlife Soc Bulletin, 25:835-839. 

Fry, G. 

1977 Analysis of Prehistoric Coprolites from Utah. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

1985 Analysis of Fecal Material. In R.I. Gilbert Jr., and J.H. Mielke, editors, The Analysis of Prehistoric Diets, Academic Press, Orlando, FL. Pp.127- 

154. 

Fry, G., and H.J. Hall 

1986 Human Coprolites. In D.P. Morris, editors. Archaeological Investigations at Antelope House, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. pp.165- 

188. 

Gaensslen, R.E. 

1983 Identification of Fecal Material. In Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, National Institute of Justice, United States 


Giertsen, J. 

1961 Faecal Matter in Stains: Identification. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 8:3- 

Glue, D. 

1971 Avian Predator Pellet Analysis and the Mammalogist. Mammalogy, 1:53-62. 

Grimm, R.J., and W.M. Whithouse 

1963 Pellet Formation in a Great Horned Owl: A Roentographic Study. Auk, 80:301-306. 

Häntzschel, W., F. El-Baz, and G.C. Amstutz 

1968 Coprolites: An Annotated Bibliography. The Geological Society of America. 

Harter, S., F. Bouchet, K.Y. Mumcuoglu, and J.E. Zias 

2004 Toilet Practices Among Members of the Dead Sea Scrolls Sect at Qumran (100BCE-68CE). Revue de Qumran, 21:579-584. 

Heizer, Robert F. 

1967 Analysis of Human Coprolites from a Dry Nevada Cave. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports, 70: 1-20. 

1968 Migratory Animals as Dispersal Agents of Cultural Materials. Science, 161: 914-915. 

1969 The Anthropology of Prehistoric Great Basin Human Coprolites. In Science in Archaeology, D. Brothwell and E. Higgs, (editors), Thames and 

Hudson, London, pp. 244-250. (also cited as published in 1970) 

Heizer, R.F., and L.K. Napton 

1969 Biological and Cultural Evidence from Preshistoric Human Coprolites. Science, 165:563-568. 

Horowitz, L.K. 

1990 The Origin of Partially Digested Bones Recovered from Archaeological Contexts in Israel. Paleorient, 16:97-106. 

Horowitz, L.K., and P. Goldberg 

1989 A Study of Pleistocene and Holocene Coprolites. Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 15:471-481. 

Horwitz, L., et al. 

1989 A Study of Pleistocene and Holocene Hyaena Coprolites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 16:71-84. 

Johnson, D.J. 

1948 Police Science Legal Abstracts and Notes: Analysis of Fecal Matter as Evidence of Guilt. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 39:129. 

Jouy-Avantin, F., C. Combes, H. de Lumley, J.C. Miskovsky, H. Moné 

1999 Helminth Eggs in Animal Coprolites from a Middle Pleistocene Site in Europe. Journal of Parasitology, 85:376-379. 

Jouy-Avantin, Françoise, André Debenath, Anne-Marie Moigne, and Hèléne Moné 

2003 A Standardized Method for the Description and the Study of Coprolites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(2):367-372. 

Kalfoglu, Ersi Abaci, Hulya Yukseloglu, Neylan Ziyalar, Tanil Baskan, Gulten Rayimoglu, and Sevil Atasoy 

1229

2003 Personal Identification from Fecal Material: A Case Report. Proceedings of the 3rd European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 

22-27, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):66 Proceedings of the 3rd European Academy of Forensic Science 

Meeting, September 22-27, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):44-45.. 

Larkin, Nigel R., Jan Alexander, and Mark D. Lewis 

2000 Using Experimental Studies of Recent Faecal Material to Examine Hyaena Coprolites from the West Runton Freshwater bed, Norfolk, U.K. 


Lewis, M. 

1997 An Analysis of the Early Middle Pleistocene Hyaena Coprolites from Boxgrove, Sussex. Masters Thesis, University of London, London, UK. 

Lloveras, Lluis, Marta Moreno-Garcia, and Jordi Nadal 

2008 Taphonomic Analysis of Leporid Remains Obtained from Modern Iberian Lynx (Lynx paridnus) Scats. Journal of Archaeological Science, 

35(1):1-13. 

Lloyd, J.B.F., and N.T. Weston 

1982 A Spectrometric Study of the Fluorescence Detection of Fecal Urobilinoids. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 27(2):352-365. 

Luciani, S., G. Fornaciari, O. Rickards, C. Martinez Labarga, and F. Rollo 

2006 Molecular Characterization of Pre-Columbian Muumy and in situ Coprolite. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129:620-629. 

Lyman, R. Lee, Emma Power, and R. Jay Lyman 

2003 Quantification and Sampling of Faunal Remains in Owl Pellets. Journal of Taphonomy, 1(1): 

Marquardt, William H. 

1974 A Statistical Analysis of Constituents in Human Paleofecal Specimens from Mammoth Cave. In Patty Jo Watson, editor, Archeology of the 

Mammoth Cave Area, Academic Press, New York, NY. pp.193-202. 

McClary, A. 

1972 Notes on Some Late Middle Woodland Coprolites. In J.E. Fitting, editor, The Schultz Site at Green Point: A Stratified Occupation Area in the 

Saginaw Valley of Michigan, Memoir 4, University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Mellet, J. 

1974 Scatological Origin of Microvertebrate Fossil Accumulations. Science, 185:349-350. 

Murad, Turhon A. 

1997 The Utilization of Faunal Evidence in the Recovery of Human Remains. in Forensic Taphonomy, The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains, 

edited by William D. Haglund and Marcella H. Sorg, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 395-404. 

Murad, T.A. and A. Sonek 

1991 Animal Scats as Taphonomic Factors in the Recovery of Human Remains. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Academy 

of Forensic Sciences, Boston, MA. 

Napton, L.K., and R.F. Heizer 

1970a Analysis of Human Coprolites from Archeological Contexts with Primary Reference to Lovelock Cave, Nevada. University of California 

Archaeological Research Facility, Contributions, 10:87-129. 

1970b Analysis of Human Coprolites from Archaeological Contexts, with Primary Reference to Lovelock Cave, Nevada, in L.K. Napton and R.F. 

Heizer, (editors), Archaeology and the Prehistoric Great Basin Lacustrine Subsistence System Regime as Seen from Lovelock Cave, Nevada, 

Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 10, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, 

Berkeley, CA, pp.87-130. 

Napton, L.K., and G. Kelso 

1969 Preliminary Palynological Analysis of Lovelock Cave Coprolites: An Archaeological and Paleobiological Investigation in Lovelock Cave, 

Nevada. Kroeber Anthropological Society Special Publication, 2:19-27. 

Norris, David O., and Jane H. Bock 

2000 Use of Fecal Material to Associate a Suspect with a Crime Scene: Report of Two Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(1):184-187. (also cited 

as pp. 178-181) 

2001 Method for Examination of Fecal Material from a Crime Scene Using Plant Fragments. Journal of Forensic Identification, 51(4):367-377. 

Panagiotakopulu, Eva 

1999 An Examination of Biological Materials from Coprolites from XVIII Dynasty Amarna, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(5):547-551. 

Patrucco, R., R. Tello, and D. Bonavia 

1983 Parasitological Studies of Coprolites of Pre-Hispanic Peruvian Populations. Current Anthropology, 24:393-394. 

Pickering, Travis Rayne 

2001 Carnivore Voiding: A Taphonomic Process with the Potential for the Deposition of Forensic Evidence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(2):406- 

411. 

Poinar, H.N., M. Hofreiter, W.G. Spaulding, P.S. Martin, B.A. Stankiewicz, H. Bland, R.P. Evershed, G. Possnert, and S. Paabo 

1998 Molecular Coproscopy: Dung and Diet of the Extinct Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis. Science, 281:402-406. 

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Price, C. 

1984 Tests for the Identification of Faeces. MPFSL Memo, 11. 

Reed, C.I., and B.P. Reed 

1928 The Mechanism of Pellet Formation in the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus), Science, 68:359-360. 

Reinhard, Karl J. 

1990 Archaeoparasitology in North America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 145-163. 

Reinhard, K.J., J.R. Ambler, and M. McGuffie 

1985 Diet and Parasitism at Dust Devil Cave. American Antiquity, 50:819-824. 

Reinhard, K.J., J.R. Ambler, and C.R. Szuter 

2007 Hunter and Gatherer Use of Small Animal Food Resources: Coprolite Evidence. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 17(4):416-428. 

Reinhard, K.J., A.J. Araugo, and L.F. Ferreira 

1986 Recovery of Parasite Remains from Coprolites and Latrines: Aspects of Paleoparasitolocial Technique. Homo, 37:217-239. 

Reinhard, K.J., R.H. Brooks, S. Brooks, and F.B. Largent 

1988 Diet and Environment Determined from Analysis of Prehistoric Coprolites from an Archaeological Site Near Zape Chico, Durango, Mexico. In 

L. Capasso, editor. Advances in Paleopathology, Proceedings of the VII European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association, Cheti: Marino 

Solfanelli, Lyon. pp. 151-155. 

Reinhard, K.J., and V.M. Bryant Jr. 

1992 Coprolite Analysis: A Biological Perspective. In M.B. Schiffer, editor, Archaeological Method and Theory, The University of Arizona Press, 

Tuscon, Arizona, pp. 245-288. 

Reinhard, K.J., and R. Hevly 

1991 Dietary and Parasitological Analysis of Coprolites Recovered from Mummy 5, Ventana Cave, Arizona. The Kiva, 56:319-325. 

Reinhard, K.J., R.H. Hevly, and G.A. Anderson 

1987 Helminth Remains from Prehistoric Indian Coprolites on the Colorado Plateau. Journal of Parasitology, 73:630-639. 

Reitman, S. 

1970 Laboratory Examination of Feces. In S. Frankel, S. Reitman, and A. Sonnerwirth, editors, Gradwohl's Clinical Laboratory Methods and 

Diagnosis, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, pp.1981-2001. 

Rhode, David 

2003 Coprolites from Hidden Cave, Revisited: Evidence for Site Occupation History, Diet and Sex of Occupants. Journal of Archaeological Science, 

30(7):909-922. 

Riley, Tim 

2008 Diet and Seasonality in the Lower Pecos: Evaluating Coprolite Data Sets with Cluster Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(10):2726- 

2741. 

Roust, N.L. 

1967 Preliminary Examination of Prehistoric Human Coprolites from Four Western Nevada Caves. University of California Archaeological 

Survey Reports, 70:49-88. 

Roy, R. 

2002 To Poop or Not to Poop? That is the Question!, Thirteenth International Symposium on Human Identification, Promega Corporation, Madison, 

Wisconsin. 

Schmitt, D.N., and K.E. Juell 

1994 Toward the Identification of Coyote Scatological Faunal Accumulations in Archaeological Contexts. Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 

21:249-262. 

Shahack-Gross, Ruth, Francesco Berna, Panagiotis Karkanas, and Steve Weiner 

2004 bat Guano and Preservation of Archaeological Remains in Cave Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(9):1259-1272. 

Smoke, N.D. 

2001 The Effect of Sediment Morphology in Post Depositional breakage of Owl Pellet Assemblages. Senior Honors Thesis, Binghamton University, 

Binghamton, 

Sobolik, K.D. 

1988 The Prehistoric Diet and Subsistence of the Lower Pecos Region as Reflected in Coprolites from Baker Cave, Val Verde County, Texas, Masters 

Thesis, Texas A&M University. 

1990 A Nutritional Analysis of Diet as Revealed in Prehistoric Human Coprolites. The Texas Journal of Science, 42:23-36. 

1993 Direct Evidence for the Importance of Small Animals to Prehistoric Diets: A Review of Coprolites Studies. North American Archaeologist, 

14:227-244. 

Sobolik, K.D., K.J. Gremillion, P.L. Whitten, and P.J. Watson 

1996 Technical Note: Sex Determination of Prehistoric Human Paleofeces. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 101:283-290. 

1231

Stewart, Roberet B. 

1974 Identification and Quantification of Components in Salts Cave Paleofeces, 1970-1972. in Patty Jo Watson, editor, Archeology of the Mammoth 

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Stock, J.A. 

1983 The Prehistoric Diet of Hinds Cave (41VV456), Val Verde County Texas: The Coprolite Evidence. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. 

Sutton, Mark Q. 

1993 Midden and Coprolite Derived Subsistence Evidence: An Analysis of Data from the La Quinta Site, Salton Basin, California. Journal of 

Ethnobiology 13:1-15. 

Sutton, Mark, Q., Rebecca S. Orfila, Bruno Huerta, and Patricia Martz 

2006 Analysis of Possible Paleofecal Samples from Pellejo Chico Alto, Peru: Results and Lessons. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(11):1600- 

1604. 

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1995 Cluster Analysis of the Coprolites from Antelope House: Implications for Anasazi Diet and Cuisine. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22:741- 

750. 

Trevor-Deutsch, B. and V. M. Bryant, Jr. 

1978 Analysis of suspected human coprolites from Terra Amata, Nice, France. Journal of Archaeological Science, 5: 387-390. 

Verma, Sunil Kumar, Kasturi Prasad, Narayan Nagesh, Mehar Sultana, and Lalji Singh 

2003 Was Elusive Carnivore a Panther? DNA Typing of Faeces Reveals the Mystery. Forensic Science International, 137(1):16-20. 

Wright, M.E., and M.A. Curtis 

2000 Temperature Effects on Embryonic Development and the Life Cycle of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. International Journal of Parasitology, 

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1969 Contents of Human Paleofeces. In Patty Jo Watson, editor, The Prehistory of Salts Cave, Kentucky. Reports of Investigations, Number 16. 

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Hair, Nail, and Feather Evidence 

A taping method used to collect hairs and fibers from a victim’s sweater 

As DNA and other forensic technologies evolve, the significance of a single hair found within a crime scene grows 

each year. Cold homicide cases are being routinely re-examined for the smallest hair which might lend itself to 

mitochondrial DNA analysis. The compiler can bear witness to investigators’ excitement in finding three previously 

undiscovered hairs on evidence from a brutal home invasion and murder of a mother in front of her five year old son. Even 

though those hairs would eventually be excluded as a subject’s it provided hope which offered a much needed boost. 

Stable isotope analysis also makes use of trace evidence including hair to determine the provenance and history of 

1232

emains. The researcher should consider this section of the bibliography as much as that compiled on DNA topics. It is also 

not a stretch for citations in General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation or Criminal and Cultural Behavior to 

be an important cross-reference. The context of all trace evidence, including haris and feathers, is important in defining the 

scope of potential evidence to collect from crime scenes. Research into the appearance and condition of biological trace 

evidence should be found under those sections addressing Taphonomy. The Section on Scavenging also cross-relates to this 

category in that those animals which may have fed on a victim’s remains will inevitably shed hairs or feathers at the scene 

which might be confused with secondary evidence transferred by a perpetrator. 


Adorjon, A.S., and G.B. Kolenosky 

1969 Manual for the Identification of Hairs of Selected Ontario Mammals. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests Research, Report 90. 

Agius, Ronald, Thomas Nadulski, Hans-Gerhard Kahl, Johannes Schräder, Bertin Dufaux, Michel Yegles, and Fritz Pragst 

2010 Validation of a Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-GC-MS/MS for the Determination of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair According to Forensic 

Guidelines. Forensic Science International, 196(1-3):3-9. 

Aitken, C.G.G., and J. Robertson 

1986 The Value of Microscopic Features in the Examination of Human Head Hairs: Statistical Analysis of Questionnaire Returns. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 31(2):546-562. 

1987 Contribution to the Discussion of Probabilities and Human Hair Comparison. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(3):684-689. 

Almer, Johanne 

2005 Recent Ontario Court Decisions Involving Hair Evidence. A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic 


Anderson, Kimberly L., Ellen E. Quillen, Mark D. Shriver, and David R. Foran 

2009 Using SNPs to Predict Hair Pigmentation in Individuals of European Ancestry. A Poster Presentation before the 61 st Annual Meeting of the 


Andrasko, J. 

1984a Calcium Profiles in Permanent Wave Hair and Its Application in Forensic Science. Proceedings of the Tenth International Meeting of the 

Forensic Science Society, October, Oxford, England. 

1984b Calcium Profiles in Permanent Waved Hair and Its Application to Forensic Science. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 24:327 

Andrasko, J., and B. Lundgren 

1983 Forensic Examination of Permanent Waved Hair. Proceedings of the Second Scandinavian Conference of Forensic Science, August 1983, 

LinkPing, Sweden. 

Andrasko, J., and B. Stocklassa 

1987 HPLC Analysis of Shampoo Residues in Human Hair. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Meeting of the Forensic Science Society, 

August, Vancouver, Canada, p.249. 

1990 Shampoo Residue Profiles in Human Head Hair. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(3):569-579. 

Andrisano, V., R. Gotti, P. Roveri, and V. Cavrini 

1997 Analysis of Semipermanent Hair Dyes by HPLC with Online Post Column Photochemical Derivatisation. Chromatographia, 44(7-8):431-437. 

Anonymous 

1960 Laboratory Solves a Variety of Crimes with Animal Hairs. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 29(3):18-20. 

1976 Don’t Miss a Hair. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 45(5):9-15. 

1997 From Bad to Worse: Hair Today, Scorned Tomorrow. Science Sleuthing, 21:11-15. 

Appel, Oliver, and Irina Kollo 

2010 The Evidential Value of Singed Hairs in Arson Cases. Science and Justice, 50(3):138-140. 

Appenzeller, Brice M.R., Resmi Agirman, Paul Neuberg, Michel Yegles and Robert Wennig 

2007 Segmental Determination of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair: A Pilot Study. Forensic Science International, 173(2-3):87-92. 

Arnold, W. 

1990 The Determination of Drugs and Their Substitutes in Human Hairs. Forensic Science International, 46:17-18. 

Assarian, G., and D. Oberleas 

1971 Effect of Washing Procedures on Trace Element Content of Hair. Clinical Chemistry, 23(9):1771-1772. 

Audinot, J.N., et al. 

2003 Detection and Quantification of Benzodiazepines in Hair by ToF-SIMS: Preliminary Results. Appl Surf Sci, 203:718-721. 

1233

Auwärter, Volker, Ariane Wohlfarth, Jessica Traber, Detief Thieme, and Wolfgang Weinmann 

2010 Hair Analysis for – New Insights into the Mechanism of Drug Incorporation of Cannabinoids into Hair. Forensic Science International, 196(1- 

3):10-13. 

Baden, H.P. 

1990 Hair Keratin. In C.E. Orfanos and R. Happle, editors, Hair and Hair Diseases, Springer-Verlag, London, UK., 45-71. 

Báez, H., M.M. Castro, M.A. Benavente, P. Kintz, V. Cirimele, C. Camargo, and C. Thomas 

2000 Drugs in Prehistory: Chemical Analysis of Ancient Human Hair. Forensic Science International, 108: 173-179. 

Baran, R., R.J. Hay, A. Tosti, and E. Haneke 

1998 A New Classification of Onychomycosis. British Journal of Dermatology, 139:567-571. 

Barker, D.G. 

1976 Factor Analysis of Body Hair Distributions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 44:27-30. 

Barnett, P.D., and A.B. Ogle 

1982 Probabilities and Human Hair Comparison. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 27(2):272-278. 

Barrett, Julie A., Jay A. Siegel, and John V. Goodpaster 

2010 Forensic Discrimination of Dyed Hair Color: I. UV-Visible Microspectrophotometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(2):323-333. 

Barrett, S. 

1985 Commercial Hair Analysis: Science or Scam? Journal of the American Medical Association, 254:1041-1045. 

Bate, L.G. 

1966 Absorption and Elution of Trace Elements on Human Hair. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 17:417-423. 

Batista, Bruno Lemos, Jairo Lisboa Rodrigues, Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira Souza, and Fernando Barbosa Jr. 

2009 A Fast Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for Trace Elements Determination in Hair Samples by ICP-MS for Forensic Analyses, Forensic 


Baumgartner, W.A., V.A. Hill, and W.H. Blahd 

1989 Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(6): 

Baxter, M. and P.R> Mann 

1969 Electron Microscope Studies of the Invasion of Human Hair in Vitro by Three Keratinophilic Fungi. Sabouraudia, 7:33-37. 

Beeman, J. 

1941 Scale Count of Human Hair. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 32:572-574. 

Benfer, R.A., J.T. Typpo, V.B. Graf, and E.E. Picket 

1978 Mineral Analysis of Ancient Peruvian Hair. Journal of Physical Anthropology, 48:277-282. 

Benner, B.A., J.V. Goodpaster, J.A. DeGrasse, L.A. Tully, and B.C. Levin 

2003 Characterization of Surface Organic Components of Human Hair by On-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass 

Spectrometry: A Feasibility Study and Comparison with Human Identification Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 48:554-563. 

Berg, S. 

1977 Identificaction Value of the Human Hair. Arch Kriminol, 159:65-73. 

Bertolino, A.P.,a dn W.M. O'Guin 

1994 Differentiation of the Hair Shaft, In E.A. Olsen, editor, Disorders of Hair Growth: Diagnosis and Treatment, McGraw-Hill, London, UK., pp.21- 

37. 

Bhat, G.R., and E.R. Lukenbach 

1979 Green Hair Problem: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 30:1-8. 

Bhatia, R., K. Rao, V. Rao 

1972 Some Aspects of Morphological Examination and Individualization of Human Scalp Hair. Journal of the Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences, 

11(2):31-36. 

Birbeck, M.S.C. and E.H. Mercer 

1956 Structure and Formation of Pigment Granules in Human Hair. Experimental Cell Research, 10:505-514. 

Birkett, D.A., C.L. Gummer, and R.P.R. Dawber 

1986 Preservation of the Subcellular Ultra Structure of Ancient Hair. In R.A. David, editor, Science in Egyptology, Manchester University Press, 

Mancester, UK., pp.367-369. 

Birnbaum, P.S., and H.P. Baden 

1987 Heritable Disorders of the Hair. Dermatol. Clinics, 5:137-153. 

Birngruber, C., F. Ramsthaler, and M.A. Verhoff 

2009 The Colour(s) of Human Hair – Forensic Hair Analysis with SpectraCube®. Forensic Science International, 18591):e19-23. 

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Bisbing, R.E. 

1982 The Forensic Identification and Association of Human Hair. In Forensic Science Handbook, edited by Richard Saferstein, pp. 184-221. Prentice- 

Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 

1987a Human Hair in a Forensic Perspective. in Proceedings of the International Symposium of Forensic Hair Comparisons. FBI Academy, Quantico, 

VA, June 25-27, 1985, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. pp:35-44. 

1987b Post-Depositional Changes in Human Hair Resulting in Hair Comparison Errors. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 20:239. 

Bisbing, R.E., and M.F. Wolner 

1984 Microscopical Discrimination of Twins' Head Hair. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29(3):780-786. 

Blank, D.L., and D.A. Kidwell 

1995 Decontamination Procedures for Drugs of Abuse in Hair: Are they Sufficient? Forensic Science International, 70:13-38. 

Bogaty, H.J. 

1969 Differences Between Adult and Children's Hair. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 20:159-171. 

Bonnichsen, R., M.T. Beatty, M.D. Turner, and M. Stoneking 

1994 What Can be Learned from Hair? A Hair Record from the Mammoth Meadow Locus, Southwestern Montana. In T. Akazawa and E. Szathmary, 

editors, Prehistoric Mongoloid Dispersions. Oxford University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp.201-213. 

Bonnichsen, R., and C.W. Bolen 

1985 On the Importance of Hair for Pleistocene Studies. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 3:63-64. 

Bonnichsen, R., C.W. Bolen, M.D. Turner, J.C. Trner, and M.T. Beatty 

1992 Hair From Mammoth Meadow II, Southwestern Montana. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 7:3-5. 

Bonnichsen, Robson, Larry Hodges, Walter Ream, Katharine G. Field, Donna L. Kirner, Karen Selsor, and R.E. Taylor 

2001 Methods for the Study of Ancient Hair: Radiocarbon Dates and Gene Sequences from Individual Hairs. Journal of Archaeological Science, 

28(7):775-785. 

Bonnichsen, R., L. Hodges, W. Ream, D.L. Kirner, K. Selsor, R.E. Taylor, and K. Field 

2001 Radiocarbon Dates and Gene Sequences from Individual Ancient Hairs. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28:777-787. 

Bonnichsen, Robson, and Alan L. Schneider 

1995 Roots: Ancient Hair and the DNA Embedded in It, Might Reveal When and How the Americans were Settled-But Not if Some Native Americans 

Can Help It. The Sciences, May/June: 26-31. 

Bost, R.O. 

1993 Hair Analysis: Persepectives and Limits of a Proposed Forensic Method of Proof: A Review. Forensic Science International, 63:31-42. 

Bottoms, E., E. Wyatt, and S. Comaish 

1972 Progressive Changes in Cuticular Pattern Along the Shafts of Hair as Seen by Scanning Electron Microscopy. British Journal of Dermatology, 

86:379-384. 

Bowen, Robin T., and Elizabeth Brooks 

2008 Compilation of Human Hair Characteristics. A Presentation Before the 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic 


Boyle, Jessica M., and Max H. Houck 

2008 Sensitivity and Specificity Study of Published Microscopic Examination and Mitochondrial DNA of Forensic Hair Analysis. A Presentation 


Brauner, P., A. Zamir, A. Gorski, H. Granger-Taylor, A. Sheffer, and I. Salmon 

1994 Wall Hangings, Hairs, and the Holocaust. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(4):1120-1125. 

Brenner, L, and Squires, P.L. 

1985 Measurement of Human Hair Oxidation by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(2):420-426. (also cited as 

volume 13) 

Brewster, B. 

2006 Color Lock in Hair. Cosmetic Toiletries, 121(3):28-36. 

Brothwell, D., and K. Dobney 

1986 Studies on the Hair and Nails of Lindow Man and Comparative Specimens. In I.M. Stead, J.B. Bourke, and D. Brothwell, editors, Lindow Man – 

The Body in the Bog. British Museum Publications, London, UK, pp.66-70. 

Brothwell, Don and Richard Spearman 

1963 The Hair of Earlier Peoples. In Science in Archaeology, edited by D. Brothwell and E. Higgs, (editors), Thames and Hudson, London. pp. 427- 

436. 

Brown, A.C. 

1971 Congenital Hair Defects. Birth Defects: Original Article Series, 7:52-68. 

1235

Brown, A.C. , and R.B. Belser 

1970 Congenital Hair Defect: Trichoschisis with Alternating Birefringence and Low Sulfur Content. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 54:496- 

509. 

Brown, F.M. 

1942 Study of Mammalian Hair for Anthropologists. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 85:250-274. 

Brown, K.C., and S. Pohl 

1996 Permanent Hair Dyes. Society of Cosmetic Chemists, New York, NY. 

Brown, S.E., and N.E. Erickson 

1978 Chronology of Hairs and Fibers as Evidence in Canada. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 11:185-193. 

Brunner, H. , and B.J. Coman 

1974 The Identification of Mammalian Hair. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia. 

Bruschweiler, W.K. 

1987 The Forensic Value of the Cuticle of Human Hair. in Proceedings of the International Symposium of Forensic Hair Comparisons. FBI Academy, 

Quantico, VA, June 25-27, 1985, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. pp.173-174. 

Burgess, R.M., J.G. Sutton, and P.H. Whitehead 

1979 An Improved Means of Enzyme Typing of Hair Roots Using Isoelectric Focusing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(2):392-396. 

Cage, P.E., and I.W. Evett 

1981 Computer Method to Assist in Discrimination Between Dog and Cat Hairs. Home Office Central Research Establishment Report, 401. 

Cano, J., J. Guarro, and M.J. Figueras 

1991 Study of the Invasion of Human Hair in Vitro by Aphanoascus spp. Mycoses, 34:145-152. 

Chan, K.L.A., S.G. Kazarian, A. Mavraki, and D.R. Williams 

2005 Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging of Human Hair with a High Spatial Resolution Without the Use of A Synchrotron. Appl Spectrosc, 59:149- 

155. 

Chandel, Rajinder S., Mukesh K. Thakar, Surendra P. Goyal, and Vivek Sahajpal 

2008 Forensic Hair Characterization of Six Endangered Felid Species of India. Journal of Forensic Identification, 58(3):327-341. 

Chang, B.S., C.S. Uhm, C.H. Park, H.K. Kim, H.S. Jung, J.H. Ham, G.Y. Lee, D.H. Kim, K.J. Lee, I.S. Bang, C.S. Oh, and D.H. Shin 

2008 Ultramicroscopic Investigation of the Preservation Status of Hair Collected from a Full-Term, Intrauterine Baby Mummy of the Joseon Dynasty, 

Korea. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 18(6):624-631. 

Chase, H.B. 

1954 Growth of the Hair. Physiological Review, 34:113-126. 

Chase, H.B., and G.J. Eaton 

1959 Growth of Hair Follicles in Waves. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 83:365-368. 

Chase, H.B., and A.F. Silver 

1969 Biology of Hair Growth. Biological Basis of Medicine, 6:3-19. 

Choudry, M.Y., C.R. Kingston, L. Kobilinsky, and P.R. De Forest 

1983 Individual Characteristics of Chemically Modified Human Hairs Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

28(2): 

Chowdhuri, S., and B. Bhattacharyya 

1964 Paired Medulla in Human Hair. Current Science, 33:748-749. 

Clauwaert, K.M., J.F. Van Bocxlaer, W.E. Lambert, and A.P. De Leenheer 

2000 Segmental Analysis for Cocaine and Metabolites by HPLC in Hair of Suspected Drug Overdose Cases. Forensic Science International, 110:157- 

166. 

Clement, J.L., R. Hagege, A. Le Pareux, J. Connet, and G. Gastaldi 

1981 New Concepts About Hair Identification Revealed by Electron Microscope Studies. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 26(3):447-458. 

Clement, J.L., and A. LePareaux 

1982 The Specificity of the Ultrastructure of the Human Hair Medulla. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22:396-398. 

Clausen, T., and W. Balzer 

2005 Hair Colorant Chemistry. In D.J. Tobin, editor, hair in Toxicology: An Important Bio-Monitor. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. 

Conti-Fuhrman, A., and E. Rabino Massa 

1972 Preliminary Note on the Ultra-Structure of the Hair from an Egyptian Mummy Using the Scanning Electron Microscope. Journal of Human 

Evolution, 1:487-488. 

Cooper, Z. 

1236

n.d. Relation of the Endocrine Glands to the Growth and Distribution of Hair. Archives of Dermatology and Syphylology, 21:1007-1029. 

Corbett, J.F. 

1973 The Role of Meta Difunctional Benzene Derivtives in Oxidative hair Dyeing. I Reaction with P-Diamines. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic 

Chemistry, 24:103-134. 

Cornelis, R. 

1972 Is it Possible to Identify Individuals by Neutron Activation Analysis of Hair: Failure of a Mission. Medicine, Science and the Law, 12(3):188- 

194. 

1973 Neutron Activation Analysis of Hair: Failure of a Mission. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, 15:305-316. 

Cotlington, E., R. Kissenger, and W. Tolgyesi 

1977 Observations on Female Scalp Hair Population, Distribution, and Diameter. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 28:219-229. 

Couper, F.J., I.M. McIntyre, and O.H. Drummer 

1995 Detection of Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs in Postmortem Human Scalp Hair. Journal of Forensic Science, 40(1):87-90. 

Courtois, M., G. Loussouarn, S. Hourseau, and J.F. Grollier 

1996 Periodicity in the Growth and Shedding of Hair. British Journal of Dermatology, 134:47-54. 

Crocker, E.J. 

1998 A New Technique for the Rapid Simultaneous Examination of Medullae and Cuticular Patterns of Hairs. Microscope, 46(3):169-173. 

Curry, A.S., and C.A. Pounds 

1977 Arsenic in Hair. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 17:37-44. 

Cwiklik, Chesterene 

2001 Questions of Inference: II. Transfer of Hair in the Context of Groupings of Hair and Sets of Debris. A Paper Presented at the American Academy 

of Forensic Sciences 53rd Annual Meeting, February 19-24, 2001, Seattle, Washington. 

Dachs, J., I.J. McNaught, and J. Robertson 

2003 The Persistence of Human Scalp Hair on Clothing Fabrics. Forensic Science International, 138:27-36. 

D'Andrea, F., F. Fridez, and R. Coquoz 

1998 Preliminary Experiments on the Transfer of Animal Hair During Simulated Criminal Behavior. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(6):1257-1258. 

Danforth, C.H. 

1926 Hair. Natural History, 26:75-79. 

1939 Physiology of Human Hair. Physiological Review, 19:94-111. 

Daniel, C.R., III, B.M. Piraccini, and A. Tosti 

2004 The Nail and Hair in Forensic Science. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 50:258-261. 

Das-Chaudhuri, A.B. 

1976 Genetic basis of Hair Medulla by Twin Study. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 44:51-54. 

Dawber, R.P. 

1977 Weathering of Hair in Monilethrix and Pili Torti. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2:271-277. 

1996a An Update of Hair Shaft Disorders. Dermatol Clin, 14:753-772. 

1996b Congenital and Hereditary Hair Abnormalities. Exp Dermatol, 8:296-297. 

Dawber, Rodney and Dominique Van Neste 

2004 Hair and Scalp Disorders: Common Presenting Signs, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

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Fiber and Textile Evidence 

Deterioration of clothing elements in a mock burial interred for 13 months 

As technology evolves in the production of synthetic fabrics and the treatment of natural fibers, so does the forensic 

consideration of same. Different fabrics, beyond trace evidence they will comprise at a scene, lend themselves toward the 

collection and preservation of other evidence including fingerprints or blood and other body fluids. The rate of 

decomposition differs among fiber types in different environmental settings. The type of fabrics represented at a scene may 

also suggest the circumstances and context surrounding the victim’s death and remains. The compiler recalls the recovery of 

human remains identified as those of an individual missing for approximately seven years. What remained of his clothing 

included polyester fabric sweat pants covered by the synthetic threads left from otherwise decomposed cotton jeans. This 

layering of clothing was consistent with the particular day this victim was last seen – an abnormally cold Spring evening. 

Likewise, the position of clothing or trace fabrics across a scene might support arguments for paradoxical undressing 

associated with the final moments of hypothermia. It could support evidence or testimony of sexual assault, or it could 

suggest the unidentified victim was a homeless soul who wore as much of his clothing on his body as he could carry. 


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Van der Peijl, Gerard J.Q., Judith Dogger, martin R. van Breukelen, Jeanet N. Hendrikse, Marianne A. Schrader, and marco van Grol 

2009 Discrimination of Candle Wax Materials by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). A Poster Presentation 


VanHoven, H.A., and H.D. Fraysier 

1983 The Matching of Automotive Paint Chips by Surface Striation Alignment. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(3):463-467. 

Vogel, Julie 

2002 Finding and Collecting Evidence: Ultraviolet Technology and Drying Cabinets are Among the Latest Technology. Law Enforcement Technology, 

29(6):74-79. 

Von Bremen, U.G. 

1986 Laser Excited Luminescence of Inclusions and Fibers in Paper Matches. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2):455-463. 

Von Bremen, U.G., and L.K.R. Blunt 

1983 Physical Comparison of Plastic Garbage Bags and Sandwich Bags. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(3):644-654. 

Voskertchian, G.P. 

1995 Quantitative Analysis of Organic Pigments in Forensic Paint Examination. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(5): 

Wadley, Lyn, Marlize Lombard, and Bonny Williamson 

2004 The First Residue Analysis Blind Tests: Results and Lessons Learnt. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(11):1491-1501 

Walsh, K.A., J.S. Buckleton, and C.M. Triggs 

1996 A Practical Example of the Interpretation of Glass Evidence. Science and Justice, 36:213- 

Walsh, K., and A. Gordon 

2001 Pattern Matching of a Paint Flake to It’s Source. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 33(2):143-145. 

Walsh, Kevin A., and Angus Newton 

2003 The Individualization of Tool Marks Made by a Chainsaw in Wood. Proceedings of the Third European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, 


Watkin, J.E., and A.H. Misner 

1990 Fluorescence and Crime Scenes in the 90s. RCMP Gazette, 52(9):1-5. 

Watkins, M. Dawn, and King Brown 

2008 A Trace of Evidence: New Material Aids Investigators in Lifting Trace Evidence. Law Enforcement Technology, 35(4):84-89. 

Weier, Lucy E. 

1974 The deterioration of inorganic materials under sea. University of London, Institute of Archaeology, Bulletin, 11: 131-163. 

680

Weimer, B. 

2008 Physical Match Examinations of Adhesive PVC-Tapes: Improvement of the Conclusiveness by Heat Treatment. Association of Firearm 


Welch, Katherine, Tiffany Best, Anna Timanova, Lisa A. Gefrides, and Roger Kahn 

2010 An Efficient, Systematic Approach to Serology Screening of Sexual Assault Evidence. A Poster Presentation before the 62nd Annual Scientific 


Wessel, Carl J., and H.C.S. Thom 

1954 Climate and Deterioration. In Deterioration of Materials: Causes and Preventive Techniques, edited by G.A. Greathouse and C.J. Wessel, pp. 3- 

70. Reinhold, New York. 

Westlake, K., B. Brooks, and P.R. Watkiss 

1992 Microbial Metabolism in the Brogborough Landfill Gas Enhancement Test Cells. AEA Environment and Energy. Harwell, Oxforshire. 

White, P.C. 

2000 SERRS Spectroscopy – A New Technique for Forensic Science? Science and Justice, 40(2):113-119. 

Whitfield, Timothy A. 

2003 Applications of Light Energy at the Crime Scene. A Presentation before the 88th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the 


Whitmer, A.M., A.F. Ramenofsky, J. Thomas, L.J. Thibodeaux, S.D. Field, and B.J. Miller 

1987 Stability or Instability: The Role of Diffusion in Trace Element Studies. in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 1. edited by M.B. 

Schiffer, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ., pp. 205-273. 

Wiggins, K.G., A. Emes, and L.H. Brackley 

2002 The Transfer and Persistence of Small Fragments of Polyurethane Foam onto Clothing. Science and Justice, 42(2):105-110. 

Wild, E., et al. 

1998 First C-14 Results from Archaeological and Forensic Studies at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator. Radiocarbon, 40:273-281. 

Wild, E.M., et al. 

2000 C-14 Dating with the Bomb Peak: An Application to Forensic Medicine. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam 

Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 172:944-950. 

Williams, E.R., and T.O. Munson 

1988 The Comparison of Black Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Tapes by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 33(5):1163-1170. 

Williams, Mary R., Denise Fernandez, and Michael E. Sigman 

2004 Performance Testing of Commercial Containers for Collection and Storage of Fire Debris Evidence. A Poster Presentation before the 56th 

Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas. 

Wilkinson, Caroline 

2007 Facial Anthropology and Reconstruction. In Tim Thompson and Sue Black, editors, Forensic Human Identification, An Introduction. CRC 

Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, pp:231-255. 

Wilkinson, D., and J. Watkin 

1994 A Comparison of Forensic Light Sources: Polilight, Luma-Light, and Spectrum 9000. Journal of Forensic Identification, 44:632- 

Willis, S., J. McCullough, and S. McDermott 

2001 The Interpretation of Paint Evidence. In B. Caddy, editor, Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint, Forensic Science Series, Taylor and Francis, 

London, UK, pp:273-287. 

Winstanley, R., and C. Rydeard 

1985 Concepts of Annealing Applied to Small Glass Fragments. Forensic Science International, 29:1-10. 

Wolfe, J., and D. Exline 

2003 Characterization of Condom Lubricant Components Using Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Chemical Imaging. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

48(5):1065-1074. 

Wright, Diana M., Andria H. Mehltretter, and Maureen J. Bradley 

2009 Discrimination of Architectural Paints via Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis. A Poster Presentation before the 61 st Annual Meeting of 


Yezzo, G.M. 

2005 The Value of Trace Evidence as an Investigative Tool. A Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic 


Zadora, Grzegorz 

2007 Glass Analysis for Forensic Purposes – A Comparison of Classification Methods. Journal fo Chemometrics, 21:174-186. 

2009 Classification of Glass Fragments Based on Elemental Composition and Refractive Index. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(1):49-59. 

Zeichner, A., and G. Feingold 

681

1989 Improved Sample Holder for Refractive Index Measurements of Small, Single, Glass Fragments. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(4): 

Shoe, Foot, and Tire Impression Evidence 

A questioned bloody shoe print left at the scene of a homicide. 

Latent and/or patent impressions of feet, shoes, or tires have to exist at every crime until perpetrators 

master levitation into and out of the scenes. This type of evidence, like most represented in this bibliography is affected by 

topics addressed in other sections. Probably most affected by good crime scene search planning is the preservation of shoe 

and tire impressions. One of the first protocols learned by crime scene technicians is the establishment of a single path of 

access/egress for the crime scene. The purpose of the path is to avoid destroying questioned impressions or adding to those 

in other parts of the scene. Impression may be made of a variety of matrices addressed in sections on Blood and Body 

Fluids and Geoarchaeology and Soil Science. Assessment of the crime scene prior to the search for and discovery of 

impression evidence may benefit from research addressed in Criminal and Cultural Behavior. As with every evidence 

topic, the ultimate goal is to accurately and effectively present it in court, (Expert Testimony and Ethical Conduct). 


Abbott, John Reginald 

1941 Reproduction of Footprints, RCMP Quarterly, 9(2):186-193. 

1952 Reproduction and Identification of Impressions and Marks. RCMP Gazette, 14(9):3-8. 

1964 Footwear Evidence. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 

Abbott, John Reginald, and A.C. Germann 

1964 Footwear Evidence: The Examination, Identification, and Comparison of Footwear Impressions. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. 

(ISBN: 0-398-00003-4) 

Adach E., and W. Knapp 

2001 Lifting Two-Dimensional Footwear and Fingerprint Impressions Using Dental Stone. RCMP Gazette, 63(2):17-19. 

Adair, Thomas W. 

2005a Electrostatic Dust Lifting on Metallic Surfaces Using Automotive Window Tinting Film as a Nonconductive Barrier. Journal of Forensic 


682

2005b Casting Two-Dimensional Bloody Shoe Prints from Concrete, Fabric, and Human Skin: A Review of Several Methods with Recommendations. 

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis News, March, 21:4-8. 

2009a Capturing Snow Impressions. Law and Order, 57(11):14-20. 

2009b Extreme Tire Wear: A Useful Tool in Association and Reconstruction. Journal of the Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction, 15(3):41-44. 

2010 The First Steps Toward Understanding the Nature of Footwear Impression Evidence. Evidence Technology Magazine, 8(6):10-13. 

Adair, Thomas W., and Michael Dobersen 

2006 Lifting Dusty Shoe Impressions from Human Skin: A Review of Experimental Research from Colorado. Journal of Foensic Identification, 

56(3):333-338. 

Adair, Thomas W., Shelli Hisey, and Richard Tewes 

2005 Casting Snow Prints with "Quikrete" Fast Setting Concrete: An Alternative to Aerosol Wax Products. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/ 

Toolmark Examiners, 11(1):34-40. 

Adair, T.W., J. Lemay, A. McDonald, R. Shaw, and R. Tewes 

2007 The Mount Bierstadt Study: An Experiment in Unique Damage Formation in Footwear. Journal of Forensic Identification, 57(2):199-205. 

Adair, Thomas W., and Rebecca L. Shaw 

2007 The Dry-Casting Method: A Reintroduction to a Simple Method for Casting Snow Impressions. Journal of Forensic Identification, 57(6):823-831. 

Adair, Thomas W., and Richard Tewes 

2006a Lifting Shoe Impressions from Cylindrical Objects: A Simple Method. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 12(1):7-13. 

2006b Strengthing Sulfur Casts with Plasti-Dip. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 12(1):16-20. 

Adair, Thomas W., Richard Tewes, Thomas R. Bellinger, and Tara Nicholls 

2007 Characteristics of Snow and Their Influence on Casting Methods for Impression Evidence. Journal of Forensic Identification, 57(6):807-822. 

Alexander, A., B. Bouridane, and D. Crookes 

1999 Automatic Classification and Recognition of Shoe Profiles. In Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, Proceedings of the 

European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, National Bureau of Investigation, Vantaa, Finland. Pp.91- 

AlGarni, Gharsa, and Madina Hamiane 

2008 A Novel Technique for Automatic Shoeprint Image Retrieval. Forensic Science International, 181(1):10-14. 

Al-Fadaly, Nagy M., 

2006 Potential Role of Knee Prints in Forensic Identification. A Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic 


Allen, J.W. 

1955 Making Plaster Casts in Snow. International Criminal Police Review, Number 89:171-174. 

Anil, A., T. Peker, H.B. Torgut, and S.C. Ulukent 

1997 An Examination of the Relationship between Foot Length, Foot Breadth, Ball Girth, Height and Weight of Turkish University Students Aged 

between 17 and 25. Anthropologische Anzeiger, 55:79-87. 

Anonymous 

1936a A Method of Reproducing Footmarks, et cetera from Certain Objects. The Police Journal, 9: 

1936b Reproduction of Criminal Evidence in the Third Dimension. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 5(12): 

1936c The Reproduction of Original Evidence in the Third Dimension. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 5(12): 

1938 Plaster Casts of Footprints. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 28(1): 

1941 Footprints and Tire Treads: Suggested Procedure in Obtaining Specimen Reproduction. FBI Law Enforcment Bulletin, 10(8): 

1947 The Reproduction of Shoeprint and Tiretread Impressions. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 16(6): 

1951a Pick Up the Trail from Impressions Found on Firm Surfaces. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 20(6):12-15. 

1951b Pick Up the Trail with Plaster Casts. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 20(5):6-10. 

1955 Shoe and Tire Impressions. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 24(1):9-13. 

1959 Preservation of Impressions in Earth. Ohio Law Enforcement Training Bulletin, 20(5):6-10. (also cited as Volume 1(1)) 

1961a Preserving Prints of Shoes and Tires on Hard Surfaces. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 30(6):7-10. 

1961b Shoeprint on Rug Links Hold-Up Men to House Robbery. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, June: 

1962 Cold Weather Cast. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 31(4): 20. 

683

1963 Tips on Making Casts of Shoes and Tire Prints, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, October.pp.18-22. 

1974 Preparation for, and Casting of, Shoe and Tire Impressions in Soil. Commonwealth of Virginia Forensic Bulletin, 3(5): 

1975a Toolmark and Shoe-Tire Impression Utilization by Cirminal Investigators. Research Paper - George Washington University. National Institute of 

Justice, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Rockville, Maryland. 

1975b Shoe and Tire Impressions Put the Suspect at the Scene of the Crime. Commonwealth of Virginia Bureau of Forensic Science, Forensic Bulletin, 

4(4):2-4. 

1976a Luminescence of Tyre Marks and Other Rubber Contact Traces. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 16(1):5-19. 

1976b New Methods for Securing Impressions of Shoes and Tyres on Different Surfaces. International Criminal Police Review, 299:158-167. 

1977 Revised American Dental Association Specifications No. 19 for Non-Aqueous Elastmeric Dental Impression Materials. Journal of the American 

Dental Association, 94(4):733-741. 

1980 Tips on Making Casts of Shoe and Tire Prints. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, July: 

1993 The Retrieval and Submission of Footwear and Instrument Marks. Contact, MPFSL, March, pp. 23-28. 

1998 Documentation of Shoe and Tire Impression Evidence. Physical Evidence Bulletin, California Department of Justice, Bureau of Forensic 

Sciences, Sacramento, CA. 

1999 Shoe/Tire Impression Casting, Minutiae, September-October, 1999, 56:8-9. 

2003a General Guidelines for Photographing Footwear Impressions. Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technologies (SWIGIT), Version 1.1, June 

5, 2003, Forneisc Science Communication, 5(4) 

2003b General Guidelines for Photographing Tire Impressions, Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technologies (SWIGIT), Version 1.1, June 5, 

2003, Forneisc Science Communication, 5(4) 

n.d. Track Impressions in Snow. 

http://members.aol.com/varfee/mastssite/snow.html (accessed September 01, 2006) 

Ashe, R. R. Griffin, and B. Bradford 

2000 Enhancement of Latent Footwear Marks Present as Grease or Oil Residues on Plastic Bags. Science and Justice, 40(3):183-187. 

Ashley, Wayne 

1994 Shoe and Tyre Impression Evidence within Australian State and Territory Jurisdictions. Presented at the International Symposium on the Forensic 

Aspsects of Footwear and Tire Impression Evidence, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA, June 27-July 1, 1994. 

1996 What Shoe was That? The Use of Computerised Image Database to Assist in Identification. Forensic Science International, 82(1):7-20. 

Aspegren, Bengt, and Kjell Carlsson 

1997 Laboratory Casting Techniques for Multiple Purposes Using Mikrosil Casting Material, Workshop, Abstract for the International Association of 

Identification Annual Meeting, 1997. 

Aspegren, Bengt and Thomas Palmgren 

n.d. Identification of Footprints Left by Stocking Feet. 2nd European Meeting of Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, The Hague, The Netherlands, April 


2007 Enhancing Bloody Footwear Impressions: Infrared Photography Compared to Amido Black Treatment. A Presentation before the 59th Annual 


Baldwin, David, John Birkett, and Brian Gibbins 

1995 Tool Mark and Shoe Mark Evidence, Contact, MPFSL, 23:52-60. 

Bandey, H. 

2008 Speculative Application of Protein Stains to Flooring to Enhance Marks in Blood. Fingerprint and Footwear Forensic News, May, Number 

24/08:11-15. 

Barker, S.L., and J.L. Scheuer 

1998 Predictive Value of Human Footprints in Forensic Context. Medicine, Science and the Law, 38:341-346. 

Barnett, C.H., Ruth E.M. Bowden, and J.R. Napier 

1956 Shoe Wear as a Means of Analysing Abnormal Gait in Males. Annals of Physical Medicine, 3(4): 

Becker, Brita, Ludwig Hirth, and Werner Janssen 

1973 Footprint Studies in Forensic Medicine. Journal of Legal Medicine, Number 72 

Beheim, Chris W., and James R. Wolfe 

1994 The Use of Luminol for Visualizing Latent Footwear Impressions During Crime Scene Investigations. Presented at the International Symposium 

on the Forensic Aspects of Footwear and Tire Impression Evidence. FBI ACademy, Quantico, VA, June 27-July 1, 1994. 

684

Bekiempis, Elyse 

2007 Developing Footwear Impressions on Styrofoam. A Presentation at the 92nd International Educational Conference of the International 


2008 From Research to Identification, a Look at the Life Cycle of a Footwear Case. A Presentation before the International Association for 


2009 Recovering Impressions from Polystyrene. Journal of Forensic Identification, 59(2):197-204. 

Belcher, Gary Lee 

1979 Latent Recovery Methods. Fingerprint Whorld, 4(15): 

Belser, Charles 

2002 Death Came After the Hockey Game. Abstract, Presentation before the 87th International Educational Conference of the International 

Association for Identification, August 4-10, 2002, Las Vegas, Nevada. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners Bulletin, 

8(3):11.Forensic Podiatry: A Case Report. Australian Podiatrist, December:95-97. 

Belser, Charles., M. Ineichen, and P. Pfefferli 

1996 Evaluation of the ISAS System after Two Years of Practical Experience in Forensic Police Work. Forensic Science International, 82(1):53-58. 

Bennett, P., and C. Booth 

1995 

Bessman, C.W., and A. Schmeiser 

2001 Survey of Tire Tread Design and Tire Size as Mounted on Vehicles in Central Iowa. Journal of Forensic Identification, 51:587-596. 

Birkett, John 

2002 Barefoot in London. Abstract, Presentation before the 16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS), September 2-7, 

2002, Montpellier, France. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners Bulletin, 8(3):7. 

2003 The Status of Barefoot Examinations in Europe. Proceedings of the Third European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 

2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):346. Abstract also cited in Information Bulletin for Shoeprint and 

Toolmark Examiners, 9(3):11. 


2005 An Interesting Case Involving Footwear Distribution Information. Journal of Forensic Identification, 55(4):499-502. 

2005 An Interesting Case Involving Footwear Distribution Information. A Presentation before the 90th International Association of Identification 


Blackledge, Robert D., Tara L. Fruchenicht, and William P. Herzig 

2002 The Discrimination of Two-Dimensional Military Boot Impressions Based on Wear Patterns. Abstract, Presentation before the 87th International 

Educational Conference of the International Association for Identification, August 4-10, 2002, Las Vegas, Nevada. Information Bulletin for 

Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners Bulletin, 8(2):9. 

Blitzer, Herbert, Richard Hammer, and Jack Jacobia 

2007 Effect of Photographic Technology on Quality of Examination of Footwear Impressions. Journal of Forensic Identification, 57(5):641-655. 

Bodziak, William J. 

1984 Shoe and Tire Impression Evidence. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 53:2-12. 

1986a Shoe and Tire Impression Evidence, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, July, 1984 

(Revised September, 1986). 

1986b Manufacturing Processes for Athletic Shoe Outsoles and Their Significance in the Examination of Footwear Impression Evidence. Journal of the 

Forensic Science Society, 31(1): 153-176. 

1989 Discrimination of Individuals Based on Their Barefoot Impressions. Presentations at the International Association of Forensic Sciences Meeting, 

Vancouver, B.C., August 1987 and American ACademy of Forensic Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, February, 1989. 

1990 Footwear Impression Evidence. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, New York, NY. 

1993 Footwear Impression Evidence, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

(ISBN: 0-8493-9512-7) 

1995 The Use of Leuco Crystal Violet to Enhance Shoe Prints in Blood. European Meeting for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, Helsinki, Finland 

1996a Some Methods for Taking Two-Dimensional Comparison Standards of Tires. Journal of Forensic Identification, 46(6):689-701. 

1996b Use of Leuco-Crystal Violet to Enhance Shoeprints in Blood. Forensic Science International, 82(1):45-52. 

1999a Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination, (Second Edition). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

(ISBN: 0-8493-1045-8) 

685

199b The Examination of Barefoot Impression Evidence. A Presentation before the First International Conference on Human Identification in the 

Millenium, October, London, UK. 

2001 Traditional Reporting of Footwear Examination Results by the FBI and Other Laboratories in the United States. Proceedings of the European 

Meeting for Shoeprint and Toolmark Examiners. Berlin, Germany, pp.143-148. 

2003a Forensic Footwear Evidence. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative 


2003b Forensic Tire Impression and Tire Track Evidence. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific 

and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.313-326. 

2003c It's All in the Tire. Law Enforcement Technology, 30(9):82-90. 

2003d Variations in Tire Impression Lengths between Three-dimensional and Two-dimensional Tire Impressions. A Presentation before the 88th 

International Educational Conference Sponsored by the International Association for Identification, July 9, 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

2005a Forensic Footwear Evidence. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science, An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative 

Techniques, CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. pp.361-375. 

2005b Forensic Tire Impression and Tire Track Evidence. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science, An Introduction to Scientific 

and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. pp.377-390. 

2008 Tire Tread and Tire Track Evidence, Recovery and Forensic Examination, Taylor Francis Group/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

(ISBN: 978-0-8493-7247-6) 

Bodziak, William J., Michael R. Grimm, and Paul Ryder 

2008 Fraudulent Footwear Evidence. A Presentation before the International Association for Identification's 93rd International Educational 


Bodziak, William J., and Lesley C. Hammer 

2005 An Evaluation of Dental Stone Purchased in Bulk in Comparison with Traxtone TM and Crime-Cast TM . A Presentation before the 90th 


2006 An Evaluation of Dental Stone, Traxtone, and Crime-Cast. Journal of Forensic Identification, 56(5):769-787. 

Bodziak, William J., and K.L. Monson 

1987 Discrimination of Individuals by Their Footprints. A Presentation before the 11th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, 

Vancouver, British Columbia. 

1989 Discrimination of Individuals by Their Footprints. A Presentation before the 41st Annual Meeting of the Amercian Academy of Forensic 

Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada. 

Bolhouse, Roger J. 

1984 The Identification of Vehicles from Wheelbase and Tire Stance Measurements. Identification News, 34(6):5-6 

1990 Tires and Computers. RCMP Gazette, 52(1):1-11. 

1994 Identification of Vehicles Using Tire Track Measurements. Presented at the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Footwear and 

Tire Impression Evidence. FBI ACademy, Quantico, VA, June 27-July 1, 1994. 

Borkowski, Krysztof 

2002 Factors Influencing the Direct Identification of a Human Being on the Bases of Footprints. Abstract, Presentation before the 87th International 

Educational Conference of the International Association for Identification, August 4-10, 2002, Las Vegas, Nevada. Information Bulletin for 

Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners Bulletin, 8(3):11-12. 

Boulay, Grant 

2005 Putting Your Best Foot Forward. A Presentation before the 90th International Association of Identification International Educational Conference, 


Brabant, Paul R. 

1975 Developing Footwear Evidence. Identification News, 25(8): 

Bradford, W.R. 

1976 Light on the Invisible Footprint. Spectrum, Number 140: 

Bremen, V. 

1990 The Comparison of Brake and Accelerator Pedals with Marks on Shoe Soles. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(1):14-24. 

Brennan, J.S. 

1993 Dental Stone for Casting Depressed Shoemarks and Tyremarks. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 23: 275-286. (also cited as published in 

1983) 

Brinkman, Robert W., 

1978 An Unusual Tool Mark Comparison from a Hit and Run. Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners Journal, 10(1):33. 

686

Brooks, John M., Jr. 

2005 Our Day Isn't Over Until It's Over: The Perspective of a Crime Scene Investigator in Pursuit of Identifying a Questioned Footwear Impression. A 

Presentation before the 90th International Association of Identification International Educational Conference, August 7-12, Dallas, Texas. 

2006 Identifying and Sharing Class Characteristics of Outsole Impressions. Journal of Forensic Identification, 56(5):737-743. 

Brooks, Michael 

2002 The Photography of Footwear and Tire Tread Evidence in the Laboratory. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International 

Association for Identification, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 8, 2002. 

Brundage, David J. 

1994a Ammonium Thiocyanate: A Successful Technique for Dusty Footwear Impressions. Presented at the International Symposium on the Forensic 

Aspects of Footwear and Tire Impression Evidence. FBI ACademy, Quantico, VA, June 27-July 1, 1994. 

1994b Physical Developer: A Chemical Enhancement Technique for Footwear Impressions. Presented at the International Symposium on the Forensic 


Bryan, Alan L. 

1973 New Light on Ancient Nicaraguan Footprints. Archaeology, 26(2):146-147. 

Buck, Ursula, Nicola Albertini, Silvio Naether, and Michael Thali 

2007 3D Documentation of Footwear Impressions and Tyre Tracks in Snow with High Resolution Optical Surface Scanning. Forensic Science 


Bulbulian, Arthur H. 

1965 A Professional Look at Plaster Casts. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 34(9):2-7. 

Bullock, James L. 

1983 Footwear Photographic Techniques. AFTE Journal, 15(2):91-94. 

Buker, Hasan, and Omer Yavas 

2003 Using the Electrostatic Vacuum Box® For Lifting Two-Dimensional (2d) Dry Origin Footwear Impressions. Proceedings of the Third European 

Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):344-345. 

Burnfield, J.M., C.D. Few, O.S. Mohamed, and J. Perry 

2004 The Influence of Walking Speed and Footwear on Plantar Pressures in Older Adults. Clinical Biomechanics, 19:78-84. 

Byers, Steve, Kaoru Akoshima, and Bryan Curran 

1989 Determination of Adult Stature from Metatarsal Length. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 79:275-279. 

Byrd, Mike 

2003 Developing and Lifting Latent Footwear Impressions. (accessed September 20, 2003) 

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Carlsson, Kjell. 

1981 Utilisation d'un nouveau materiau de moulage en police scientifique. Rev. Int. Police Crim., 346:74-78. 

1982a A new casting material for forensic use. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 3(1): 83-87. 

1982b A New Method for Securing Impressions in Snow. Crime Laboratory Digest, December, 1-4. 

1997 Some Techniques used in Sweden for Comparison of Shoeprint and for Toolmark Identification. An Abstract for the First European Meeting of 

Forensic Sciences, Switzerland, 1997. 

1998 Comparison of Lifting Shoeprint with Gelatine Lifter Versus with Electrostatic Methods. Information Bulletin for Shoeprint/Toolmark 

Examiners, 4(1):109-120. 

Carlsson, Kjell, and A.C. Maehly 

1976 New Methods for Securing Impressions of Shoes and Tyres on Different Surfaces. International Criminal Police Review, 299:158-167. 

Cassidy, Michael J. 

1980 Footwear Identification, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canadian Government Printing Centre, Montreal, Canada. 

1995 Footwear Identification. Lightning Powder Company, Salem, Oregon. 

Castle, David 

1995 Cinderella Analysis – Or Does the Shoe Fit? Contact, MPFSL, 23:73-78. 

Cavanagh, P.R., and M.A. Lafortune 

1980 Ground Reaction Forces in Distance Running. Journal of Biomechanics, 13:397-406. 

Cavanagh, P.R., and M.M. Rodgers 

1984 Pressure Distribution Underneath the Human Foot. In S.M. Perren, and E. Schneider, editors, Biomechanics, Current Interdisciplinary Research, 

Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, MA., pp.85-95. 

687

Cavanagh, P.R., M.M. Rodgers, and A. Iiboshi 

1987 Pressure Distribution Under Symptom-Free Feet During Barefoot Standing. Foot Ankle, 7:262-276. 


1984a Procedure for Recovery of Flooring with Shoeprints. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 16(3): 

1984b Recent Footwear Identification Innovations Reviewed. Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners Journal, 16(3): 

Chavigny, M. 

1930 Tracks of Vehicles. Journal of Police Science, 1(2):156-178. 

Chee, H.W., and S.J. Wilson 

1963 A Modified Method of Plaster Casting. Forensic Science Society Journal, __, 83-84. 

Cheeseman, R., and R. Tomboc 

2001 Fluorescein Technique Performance Study on Bloody Foot Trails. Journal of Forensic Identification, 51(1):16-27. 

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